PDF-Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins9

9Molecular Neurosurgery With Targeted ToxinsEdited by R G Wiley and D A Lappi. Raj Shah. DNA Replication. In order for cells to divide, we must replicate our DNA.. To do this, we start by unwinding our DNA double helix.. Next, an enzyme (DNA polymerase) attaches to one of the DNA strands and copies our DNA.. cytoplasm. cytosol. ribosome. Rough . endo. . reticulum. cell membrane. peroxisome. smooth. endoplasmic. reticulum. lysosome. CARBOHYDRATES. free ribosome. ER. S-S. cell membrane. glycoprotein. free. DNA .  RNA  Protein. 2 Major Steps. Transcription. – DNA is transcribed (copied!) into single stranded mRNA . (DNA code transcribed into RNA code). Translation. – mRNA is translated into protein (amino acids). Michael Margaliot. School of Elec. Eng. . Tel Aviv University, Israel. . Tamir Tuller . (Tel Aviv University). Eduardo D. Sontag (Rutgers University). Joint work with: . 2. Overview. Ribosome flow. Griffith. First major experiment that led to DNA in 1928. Studied 2 strains of . Streptococcus . pneumoniae. Sugar coated strain (S) caused pneumonia. Non sugar coated strain (R) does not cause pneumonia. Michael . Margaliot. School of Electrical Engineering . Tel Aviv University, Israel. Tamir . Tuller (Tel Aviv University). Eduardo . D. Sontag (Rutgers University. ). Joint work with: . Gilad Poker. Translation. DNA and Translation. Gene. : . section. of DNA that creates a specific . protein. Approx. . 25,000. human genes. Proteins are used to . build. cells and tissue. Protein . synthesis. involves . base . uracil. . rather than thymine. An RNA molecule usually consists of a single strand rather than DNA’s double strand. Translation or protein synthesis : . is a process in which the genetic information present in m-RNA in the form of triplet codes (codons) directs the sequence of amino-acids in protein.  . and protein molecules. Consists of a large and a small subunit.. Ribosomal . RNA. RNA molecule that, together with protein, make up ribosome.. Protein. A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.. From RNA to Protein. Translation. Steps of Translation. MESSENGER RNA. Polypeptide chains are specified by open reading frames. Three possible reading frames of E. coli . trp. leader sequence. An mRNA sequence is decoded in set of three nucleotides. DNA & REPLICATION. 1.. 2.. 3.. 4.. DNA. DNA=. . DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC. ACID. Found in the . Nucleus. of . eukaryotic cells. .. Primary Function= . 1. . Store and transmit . the . genetic information.. Understanding. Simple. Cells. Key Engineering Ideas. Removal of unnecessary complexity. Simplification with standard reusable parts. Hierarchical design. Modular construction. Standards of construction and measurement. cytosol. ribosome. Rough . endo. . reticulum. cell membrane. peroxisome. Golgi complex. smooth. endoplasmic. reticulum. lysosome. proteasome. PROTEINS . 30s. 50s. mRNA. tRNA. P site. tRNA. A site. growing. RNA. During protein synthesis certain specific regions of DNA (the genes) are copied into a polynucleotide of a chemically and functionally different type known as . ribo. nucleic acid.. RNA is a nucleic acid polymer consisting of nucleotide monomers that acts as a messenger between DNA and .