Kenneth Moreland Sandia National Laboratories What is color Is black a color 001 nm 01 nm 1 nm 10 nm 100 nm 1 μm 10 μ m 100 μm 1 mm 1 cm 10 c m 1 m 10 m 100 m 1 km ID: 629413
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Slide1
Using Color in Your Diagrams and Presentations
Kenneth Moreland
Sandia National LaboratoriesSlide2
What is color?
Is black a color?Slide3
0.01 nm
0.1 nm
1 nm
10 nm
100 nm
1
μm
10
μ
m
100
μm
1 mm
1 cm
10
c
m
1 m
10 m
100 m
1 km
Gamma-rays
X-rays
Visible
Infra-red
Ultraviolet
Microwaves
Radio, TV
Long-waves
7
00 nm
400 nmSlide4Slide5
Corollary
Color is perceived through the response of three cone receptor typesTherefore, any color can be represented by the intensity of three given wavelengths based on their relative responses
Known as the trichromatic theorySlide6
Blue
Green
RedSlide7
Caveat
Some colors (particularly pure frequencies) have a response that requires a negative response by R, G, or BNot physically possibleSlide8Slide9Slide10Slide11Slide12Slide13Slide14Slide15Slide16Slide17Slide18Slide19Slide20Slide21
Isoluminant
colors (colors with the same brightness) are sometimes recommended because they have several advantages. They avoid dominance of one color over another and can be applied to 3D objects without interfering with shading cues.
However, in addition to generally being ugly,
isoluminant colors are harder to distinguish from one another, particularly at close range. That is, their high frequency response is poor. That is why these words are hard to read. They might be vibrating your visual field and/or producing a headache.Slide22Slide23
Number by Colors
Sequential A continuous spectrum with low and high ends
Temperature, Pressure, Mass, Stress, Strain, Volume Fraction, RainfallDiverging A continuous spectrum with a significant middle pointTemperature around freezing, Elevation around sea level
Qualitative A discrete set of classes with no particular orderSeries in a plotEvent typesSlide24
Example Sequential Color MapsSlide25
Rainbow
Pros:
Pretty
Good dynamic rangeCons:
GarishBad for color deficienciesNo implicit orderNot perceptually evenSlide26
Rainbow: Color DeficienciesSlide27
Rainbow: Implicit Ordering
✔
✗Slide28
Rainbow: Implicit OrderingSlide29
Rainbow: Perceptually Uneven
Blue
Cyan
Green
Yellow
Orange
RedSlide30Slide31Slide32
Grayscale
Pros:
Good dynamic range
Excellent contrastCons:
Dark colors disrupt 3D shadingSusceptible to bias from surroundingsDullSlide33
Black Body Radiation
Pros:
Good dynamic range
Excellent contrastCons:
Dark colors disrupt 3D shadingSlide34
Saturation Scale
Pros:
Clear ordering (polarity may depend on context)
Easy to customize (choose any color)Can be layered by other colors
Cons:Moderate dynamic rangeSlide35
Green/Red
Pros:
Decent dynamic range
On color-opponent perceptual axisIsoluminant(ish)
Cons:Isoluminant
(
ish
)
Very susceptible to color deficiencies
UglySlide36
Blue/Yellow
Pros:
Good dynamic range
On color-opponent perceptual axisAlso has high luminance variety
Cons:Hard to layer other colorsSlide37
Diverging Color Maps
Pick two colors and a neutral centerSlide38
Using Diverging for SequentialSlide39
Choosing Qualitative Colors
Consider colors named in different languages across culturesIndicative of perceptually noticeable colors without cultural bias
Berlin and Kay (1969)>100 languagesWare (2004)In order of likelihood of incidence
WhiteBlackRedGreenYellow
BlueBrownPinkPurpleOrange
GreySlide40Slide41Slide42
Qualitative Color Guidelines
Choose colors easy to distinguish (previous colors a good start)Use bold, saturated colors for “thin” objects
Plots, points, linesUse muted colors for thick objectsMaps, block diagrams, areasAvoid too many categoriesHard to distinguish past 12 colors (including background)
Generally hard to consider more than 7 tokens anywayConsider grouping categories (different shades of similar color)Slide43
http://colorbrewer.org