Causes of WWI Imperialism Nationalism Alliance System Militarism Start of World War One The southeastern region of Europe was known as a powder keg Many national groups in the region tried to break free from AustriaHungary ID: 700379
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World War OneSlide2Slide3Slide4Slide5Slide6Slide7Slide8Slide9
Start of World War One
Causes of WWIImperialism
NationalismAlliance System
MilitarismSlide10
Start of World War One
The southeastern region of Europe was known as a “powder keg”
Many national groups in the region tried to break free from Austria-HungarySlide11Slide12
Start of World War One
War BeginsJune 28, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to Austro-Hungarian throne) is assassinated by
Gavrilo
PrincipSlide13
Start of World War One
Austria Hungary accused Serbia of the assassination and declared war
The alliance system quickly drew more countries into the warSlide14Slide15
Start of World War One
Allied Powers (Triple Entente)
Britain
FranceRussiaCentral Powers
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman EmpireSlide16
The Deadliest War
Both sides thought it would be a quick victory, but reality quickly set in
A stalemate started on the Western Front and the battle would drag on for 3 years without either side gaining a clear victory
The Western Front saw the use of trench warfareSlide17Slide18Slide19Slide20Slide21Slide22Slide23Slide24Slide25
The Deadliest War
New Technology made the war more lethalAirplanesArmored tanks
Machine GunsPoison GasSlide26
American Neutrality
President Woodrow Wilson wanted to keep the U.S. out of the war.
Americans were split on who to side withSlide27
American Neutrality
American businesses sold supplies to both sides, but a majority of trading was to the Allies and BritainSlide28
American Neutrality
The LusitaniaGerman U-boats practiced
unrestricted warfareMay 7, 1915 a U-boat sank A British passenger ship the Lusitania
1,200 people died (128 were Americans)Slide29Slide30Slide31Slide32
U.S. Enters The War
Wilson won reelection in 1916 and promised to keep the U.S. out of the war
However, Germany kept using its unrestricted warfareSlide33
U.S. Enters The War
Zimmermann TelegramBritain intercepted a telegram from Germany to Mexico
Arthur Zimmermann (German Foreign Minister) proposed that Mexico enter the war on Germany’s side and attack the U.S.
In return Germany would help Mexico get back New Mexico, Texas, and ArizonaSoon after the U.S. entered the war (April 6, 1917)Slide34Slide35Slide36Slide37
U.S. Enters The War
Russian Revolution
Military defeats and food shortages led to an uprising in Russia
The tsar was removed, which made it easier for the U.S. to enter the war because they would not be siding with a tyrantSlide38
Building the Military
The U.S. had a very large navy, but a small army (only 125,000 men)
The U.S. had to mobilize quickly in order to be able to contribute to the war effortSlide39
Building the Military
The U.S. did have men volunteer for service, but not enough and they had to institute a draftSelective Service Act was passed and it required men between the ages of 21 and 30 to register for military draft
By war’s end almost four million Americans had servedSlide40
Building the Military
Women in the Military
Women were not subject to the draft
More than 30,000 women volunteered for service and were nurses or performed clerical workSlide41
Building the Military
A diverse forceAbout one in five recruits had been born in foreign lands
About 380,000 African Americans also served during the war
Served in all black unitsAfrican Americans were mainly held out of combat roles and instead were forced to unload ships, work in kitchens, or constructionSlide42
Managing the War Effort
Managing Food SuppliesHerbert Hoover
was chosen to head the new Food AdministrationHe had to assure adequate food supplies for both civilians and troops
Hoover urged Americans to conserve valuable food resourcesAmericans observed “wheatless Mondays,” and “meatless Tuesdays”Many grew their own “victory gardens”Slide43Slide44Slide45
Managing the War Effort
Producing for War
The war increased demands on American industries
Government ordered two million rifles and 130 million pairs of socksThe War Industries Board was set up to oversee productionSlide46
Managing the War Effort
Finding WorkersWar brought a Labor Shortage
Men went to war and immigration declinedIn order to fill jobs, businesses turned to women and African Americans to do the workSlide47
Shaping Public Opinion
Calling on Patriotism
President Wilson created the Committee on Public Information, which was to deliver patriotic speeches at places like movie theaters and ball parks
Also created pro-war cartoons and postersSlide48Slide49Slide50Slide51Slide52Slide53Slide54Slide55Slide56
Shaping Public Opinion
Suppressing Dissent
Government created the Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918, which could close newspapers or jail individuals that expressed antiwar views
One of the people arrested was Eugene V. Debs
for giving a speech that urged workers not to help in the war effortSlide57
Shaping Public Opinion
Anti-German HysteriaGerman Americans were harassed and assaulted
Some were even tarred and feathered
Many school stopped teaching the German languageSlide58
Joining the Fight
The first troops reached Europe in June of 1917
John J. Pershing was chosen to be the commander of American Expeditionary ForceAmerican forces rarely fought together with British or French troops
This was Wilson’s idea, because he wanted to have a greater influence in post war talksSlide59Slide60
Setbacks and Advances
Russia Makes Peace
The government that replaced the tsar was struggling to keep Russia in the warTwo million soldiers deserted the front lines
Vladimir Lenin led the Bolsheviks (red army) to seize control of the government on November 7, 1917Lenin wanted to lead Russia on a path to communism
In March of 1918 Russia signed a peace agreement (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk) and pulled out of the war.Slide61Slide62Slide63Slide64
Setbacks and Advances
March 21, 1918 Germany had unleashed a series of attacks known as the “peace offensive”
Germany managed to break through Allied lines in Belgium and FranceBy June of 1918 Germany was less than 50 miles from ParisSlide65Slide66Slide67Slide68
Setbacks and Advances
Turning the TideAmerican troops were used to stop the German advance and push them out of a forested area called Belleau
After three weeks of intense fighting and heavy causalities the Americans managed to force the Germans outSlide69Slide70
Setbacks and Advances
By the fall of 1918 disease and lack of supplies had hurt Germany
September of 1918, Allied forces (over one million American soldiers) had advanced and pushed German forces back
By November of 1918, Germany had decided to seek an armistice.Slide71
The Armistice
A Harsh Armistice France and Britain dictated the terms
Germany had to cancel the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, pull back their troops, and hand over its fleet of U-boatsKaiser Wilhelm II had to step down and Germany became a republicSlide72
The Armistice
The armistice took effect at 11 A.M. on November 11 of 1918
Approximately 10 million military personal were killed (More than had dies in all the wars fought in Europe during the previous 100 years combines)
France 1.3 MillionBritain 900,000Germany 1.6 MillionRussia 1.7 MillionUnited States 50,000Slide73
Shaping the Peace
The Fourteen PointsPresident Wilson’s Plan for peace
Wanted to prevent future warsFreedom of the seas
Free TradeMilitary ReductionSelf Determination (Self Rule)League of NationsSlide74Slide75
Peace Conference in Paris
Britain and France wanted to punish Germany and had no interest in Wilson’s fourteen pointsSlide76
Peace Conference in Paris
Treaty of VersaillesTerritory was taken away from Germany, including colonies
Germany had to accept full responsibility for the warHad to pay huge
reparations to AlliesPlaced limits on the size and nature of Germany’s militaryCreation of the League of NationsSlide77Slide78Slide79
Battle Over the League of Nations
President Wilson fought for the ratification of the treaty and joining the league of nations
United states had to accept its destiny to lead the world on a new path
Many senators opposed the treaty and joining the League of Nations, including Henry Cabot LodgeCabot said that membership in the League would restrict the right of the U.S. to act independently in its own interestSlide80
Battle Over the League of Nations
Wilson’s Last BattleIn September of 1919, Wilson tried to gain support for his position by traveling 8,000 miles by train in three weeks and giving 40 speeches
Wilson suffered a stroke on October 2, 1919
November of 1919 the Senate voted to reject the treatyThe absence of the U.S. crippled the League of NationsSlide81Slide82
Postwar Troubles
Influenza EpidemicA worldwide epidemic that took more than 500,000 lives in the U.S. alone between 1918 and 1919Slide83
Postwar Troubles
Labor Unrest
Peacetime brought high unemployment, because production was slowing and more people entered the workforceSlide84
Postwar Troubles
Red ScareMany Americans feared that Communists or “Reds” were behind the labor unrests, and that there would be a communist revolution
Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer order immigrants with radical views to be
deportedThese became known as Palmer Raids, which reached their height on January 2, 1920Authorities arrested more than 4,000 people in 33 citiesSlide85