The fluid that moves around in the circulatory system of a typical arthropod is the intracellular fluid hemolymph blood plasma digestive juices cytosol The fluid that moves around in the circulatory system of a typical arthropod is ID: 530782
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Slide1
0
Circulation and Gas ExchangeSlide2
The fluid that moves around in the circulatory system of a typical arthropod is the
intracellular fluid.
hemolymph
.
blood plasma.
digestive juices.
cytosol.Slide3
The fluid that moves around in the circulatory system of a typical arthropod is the
intracellular fluid.
hemolymph
.
blood plasma.
digestive juices.
cytosol.Slide4
An adaptive advantage of having a three-chambered heart, as found in amphibians, over the two-chambered heart of fish is that
there are capillary beds in both the respiratory organ and body systems of amphibians but not fish.
the additional chamber in the amphibian heart reduces blood flow to the respiratory organ.
fully oxygenated blood returning to the amphibian
heart can undergo additional pumping to reach
higher pressures.
fully oxygenated blood is kept completely separate from relatively deoxygenated blood in the heart.
amphibians can tolerate higher environmental pressures.Slide5
An adaptive advantage of having a three-chambered heart, as found in amphibians, over the two-chambered heart of fish is that
there are capillary beds in both the respiratory organ and body systems of amphibians but not fish.
the additional chamber in the amphibian heart reduces blood flow to the respiratory organ.
fully oxygenated blood returning to the amphibian
heart can undergo additional pumping to reach
higher pressures.
fully oxygenated blood is kept completely separate from relatively deoxygenated blood in the heart.
amphibians can tolerate higher environmental pressures.Slide6
The normal contraction of specialized atrial cells results from the activity of the _______, and the simultaneous contraction of the left and right atria is due to the _______.
autorhythmic
pacemaker cells;
autorhythmic
pacemaker cells
gap junctions; gap junctions
autonomic nervous system; somatic nervous system
autorhythmic
pacemaker cells; gap junctions
gap junctions;
autorhythmic
pacemaker cellsSlide7
The normal contraction of specialized atrial cells results from the activity of the _______, and the simultaneous contraction of the left and right atria is due to the _______.
autorhythmic
pacemaker cells;
autorhythmic
pacemaker cells
gap junctions; gap junctions
autonomic nervous system; somatic nervous system
autorhythmic
pacemaker cells; gap junctions
gap junctions;
autorhythmic
pacemaker cellsSlide8
As in Edgar Allan Poe’s short story “The Tell-Tale Heart
,”
a heart can continue to beat after it is removed from the body, because
pacemaker cells contract without input.
nerves in the heart fire without input.
hormones controlling heartbeat are released spontaneously.
powerful ventricular contractions induce rebound contractions.
pulsing of blood in the heart maintains the heartbeat.Slide9
As in Edgar Allan Poe’s short story “The Tell-Tale Heart
,”
a heart can continue to beat after it is removed from the body, because
pacemaker cells contract without input.
nerves in the heart fire without input.
hormones controlling heartbeat are released spontaneously.
powerful ventricular contractions induce rebound contractions.
pulsing of blood in the heart maintains the heartbeat.Slide10
Fluid is filtered from blood as it enters a capillary due to the ________, but fluid is reabsorbed as the blood exits a capillary due to the ________.
hydrostatic pressure from smooth muscle; cooler temperatures in venous blood
osmotic pressure from high levels of sodium in
plasma but not extracellular fluid; osmotic pressure from reversed levels of sodium in extracellular fluid but not plasma
blood pressure from the heart; osmotic pressure
from
proteins in the plasma
osmotic pressure from salts; hydrostatic pressure
from the veinsSlide11
Fluid is filtered from blood as it enters a capillary due to the ________, but fluid is reabsorbed as the blood exits a capillary due to the ________.
hydrostatic pressure from smooth muscle; cooler temperatures in venous blood
osmotic pressure from high levels of sodium in
plasma but not extracellular fluid; osmotic pressure from reversed levels of sodium in extracellular fluid but not plasma
blood pressure from the heart; osmotic pressure
from
proteins in the plasma
osmotic pressure from salts; hydrostatic pressure
from the veinsSlide12
Concurrent flow is not as efficient in exchange as countercurrent flow because the latter provides
more diffusion at the beginning of capillary flow than midway through the capillary.
more diffusion at the end of capillary flow than midway through the capillary.
adequate diffusion of gases across weaker concentration gradients.
thinner capillary walls to promote diffusion.
greater surface area for diffusion.Slide13
Concurrent flow is not as efficient in exchange as countercurrent flow because the latter provides
more diffusion at the beginning of capillary flow than midway through the capillary.
more diffusion at the end of capillary flow than midway through the capillary.
adequate diffusion of gases across weaker concentration gradients.
thinner capillary walls to promote diffusion.
greater surface area for diffusion.Slide14
After blood enters the right atrium, it enters the
right ventricle.
left atrium.
left ventricle.
aorta.Slide15
After blood enters the right atrium, it enters the
right ventricle.
left atrium.
left ventricle.
aorta.Slide16
When a girl goes running, her face begins to flush. Which of the following is most likely responsible for this?
systolic pressure
diastolic pressure
vasoconstriction
vasodilationSlide17
When a girl goes running, her face begins to flush. Which of the following is most likely responsible for this?
systolic pressure
diastolic pressure
vasoconstriction
vasodilationSlide18
Which of the following have valves within them to prevent blood backflow?
arteries
veins
capillaries
arteriolesSlide19
Which of the following have valves within them to prevent blood backflow?
arteries
veins
capillaries
arteriolesSlide20
Which of the following organisms breathe through tracheae?
segmented worms
bony fish
insects
birdsSlide21
Which of the following organisms breathe through tracheae?
segmented worms
bony fish
insects
birdsSlide22
What percentage of individuals in the study group had an LDL level
below
100 mg/
dL
?
about
17%
about
35%
about
58%
about
79
%Slide23
What percentage of individuals in the study group had an LDL level
below
100 mg/
dL
?
about
17%
about
35%
about
58%
about
79
%Slide24
What percentage of individuals in the control group had an LDL level
below
100 mg/
dL
?
about
5%
about
17%
about
40%
about
58
%Slide25
What percentage of individuals in the control group had an LDL level
below
100 mg/
dL
?
about
5%
about
17%
about
40%
about
58
%Slide26
On
average, individuals with increased PCSK9 enzyme activity have higher plasma LDL levels than wild-type individuals.
On
average, individuals with an inactivating mutation
in
the
PCSK9
gene have lower plasma LDL levels
than
wild-type individuals.
On
average, individuals with an inactivating mutation in the
PCSK9
gene have higher plasma LDL levels than wild-type individuals.
The
plasma LDL levels of individuals with an inactivating mutation in the
PCSK9
gene are about the same as those of wild-type individuals
.
Based on these two histograms, what conclusion can you draw
?Slide27
On
average, individuals with increased PCSK9 enzyme activity have higher plasma LDL levels than wild-type individuals.
On
average, individuals with an inactivating mutation in the
PCSK9
gene have lower plasma LDL levels than wild-type individuals.
On
average, individuals with an inactivating mutation in the
PCSK9
gene have higher plasma LDL levels than wild-type individuals.
The
plasma LDL levels of individuals with an inactivating mutation in the
PCSK9
gene are about the same as those of wild-type individuals
.
Based on these two histograms, what conclusion can you draw
?Slide28
How would you
compare the
risk for cardiovascular disease between the study group and the control group
?
It
is impossible to tell from the data.
The
study group has the same risk as the control group.
The
study group has a lower risk than the control group.
The
study group has a higher risk than the control group
.Slide29
How would you
compare the
risk for cardiovascular disease between the study group and the control group
?
It
is impossible to tell from the data.
The
study group has the same risk as the control group.
The
study group has a lower risk than the control group.
The
study group has a higher risk than the control group
.Slide30
What is the best explanation for the fact that the two histograms overlap as much as they do
?
Many
factors in addition to PCSK9 enzyme activity affect plasma LDL levels.
PCSK9
enzyme activity varies widely among individuals with an inactivating mutation in only one copy of the
PCSK9
gene.
The
sample size of the study group is much smaller than the sample size of the control group.
Plasma
LDL levels are hard to measure precisely, so the histograms show the spread around the true value
.Slide31
What is the best explanation for the fact that the two histograms overlap as much as they do
?
Many
factors in addition to PCSK9 enzyme activity affect plasma LDL levels.
PCSK9
enzyme activity varies widely among individuals with an inactivating mutation in only one copy of the
PCSK9
gene.
The
sample size of the study group is much smaller than the sample size of the control group.
Plasma
LDL levels are hard to measure precisely, so the histograms show the spread around the true value
.Slide32
Now consider two individuals with a plasma LDL level of 160 mg/
dL
, one from the study group and one from the control group. What do you predict regarding their relative risk for cardiovascular disease
?
The
risk of the wild-type individual is lower because wild-type individuals had a lower average LDL level than individuals with an inactivating mutation in one copy of the
PCSK9
gene.
The
risk of the individual from the study group is lower because individuals with an inactivating mutation in one copy of the
PCSK9
gene had a lower average LDL level than wild-type individuals.
It
is impossible to tell because the histograms overlap so much.
Their
risk is equal because their LDL levels are the same
.Slide33
Now consider two individuals with a plasma LDL level of 160 mg/
dL
, one from the study group and one from the control group. What do you predict regarding their relative risk for cardiovascular disease
?
The
risk of the wild-type individual is lower because wild-type individuals had a lower average LDL level than individuals with an inactivating mutation in one copy of the
PCSK9
gene.
The
risk of the individual from the study group is lower because individuals with an inactivating mutation in one copy of the
PCSK9
gene had a lower average LDL level than wild-type individuals.
It
is impossible to tell because the histograms overlap so much.
Their
risk is equal because their LDL levels are the same
.