Genghis - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Genghis

Khan

and Mongol Eurasian Integration

Slide2

DO NOW: AP M.C. QUESTION

Which of the following is an accurate characterization of both the Incan and Yuan dynasties?

Both civilizations developed strict social class hierarchies, in which upward mobility was difficult

Peasant uprisings were responsible for the establishment of both civilizations

Both the Yuan and the Inca depended on trade as their primary economic activity

Both civilizations flourished under control of outside invaders. Slide3

DO NOW: AP M.C. QUESTION

The Mongol Empire was divided into four Khanates, which governed all of the following lands

except

Russia

Persia

Japan

UkrianeSlide4

QUICK WRITE:

What would you argue are the two strongest impacts or

most lasting

legacies of Mongol rule?Slide5

Nomadic PeoplesNomadic economy and societyOrganized into clans with related languagesCentral Asia’s steppes: good for grazing, little rain, few rivers

Nomads and their animals; few settlements

Nomads drove their herds in migratory cycles

Lived mostly on animal products

Also produced limited amounts of millet, pottery, leather goods, ironSlide6

Nomadic Peoples and Their AnimalsSheepGoatsHorsesMare’s milk

Flock

survivalSlide7

Nomadic Peoples and Their Housing and ClothingGers/YurtsRobes - deiSlide8

Caravan Trade InteractionNomads and settled peoples sought trade, were prominent on caravan routesSlide9

Nomadic Class SystemFluidity of classes in nomadic societyTwo social classes; nobles and commonersAutonomous clans and tribesSlide10

ReligionShamansBuddhismNestorian ChristianityBy the tenth century … IslamSlide11

Religion of Genghis KhanSlide12

Military OrganizationKhan – “RULER”Organized vast confederation of individual tribes for expansionOutstanding cavalry forcesFormidable military powerSlide13

The Mongol EmpiresGenghis Khan and the making of the Mongol EmpireGenghis Khan unified Mongol tribes through alliances and conquestsWhy was unification necessary?Tribal group v. Mongol identity

Khan’s personal mission

Trade disruption

Ecology – 1180-1220Slide14

Mongol Political OrganizationOrganized new military units and broke up tribal affiliationsUnits based on ten…100…1000…Leaders had close relationship with GenghisChose high officials based on talent and loyalty

Established capital at KarakorumSlide15
Slide16

Mongol Strategy

Horsemanship

Archers

Mobility

Psychological warfare

Feigned withdrawalSlide17

Mongol Siege Warfare:Slide18

Mongol Siege Warfare:Slide19

Mongol Conquest of Northern ChinaGenghis Khan, Mongols raided the Jurchen in north China beginning in 1211Controlled north China by 1220South China was still ruled by Song dynastySlide20

Mongol Conquest of PersiaGenghis Khan tried to open trade and diplomatic relations with Saljuq leader Khwarazm shah, the ruler of Persia in 1218Upon being rejected, Genghis Khan led force to pursue KhwarazmMongol forces destroyed Persian citiesSlide21

Death of Genghis KhanDied in 1227 having laid foundation for a mighty empireSlide22

Mongol Division After Genghis Heirs Divide into Four Regional Empires….Kubilai Khan-China

Genghis

Khan’s grandson

Consolidated

Mongol rule in China

Promoted

Buddhism, supported the

Daoists, Muslims, and ChristiansSlide23

Conquest of Southern ChinaKhubilai extended Mongol rule to all of ChinaSong capital at Hangzhou fell in 1276Yuan Dynasty founded in 1279Unsuccessful conquests of Vietnam, Burma, Java, and JapanSlide24

The Golden HordeGroup of Mongols overran Russia between 1237 and 1241Jochi and later Batu will rule…Batu – r.1224-1255Further overran Poland, Hungary and eastern Germany, 1241 – 1242

Maintained hegemony in Russia until the mid-fifteenth centurySlide25

The Ilkhanate of PersiaKhubilai’s brother, Hulegu captured Baghdad in 1258Mongol rule in PersiaPersians served as ministers, governors, and local officials

Mongols cared only about taxes and order

Ilkan Ghazan converted to Islam in 1295

Massacres of Jews and Christians followedSlide26

Mongol Rule in China1206 Temujin chosen Genghis Khan of the Mongols

1227 Death of Genghis Khan

Mongols conquer northern China in 1234

1265

Khubilai

becomes last Great Khan – rules till death in 1294

1271 founding of the Yuan Empire

1276 - 1279 Mongol conquest of the Southern Song

1368 Ming Empire foundedSlide27

Mongols in China1265 Khubilai becomes last Great Khan – rules till death in 1294

By 1279 the Mongols are in control of China

Yuan Dynasty

Short conquest – 1368 the Ming Dynasty is foundedSlide28

Mongol KhanatesSlide29

Diplomatic MissionsThe four Mongol empires maintained close diplomatic communicationsKhanate of ChagataiKhanate of the Golden HordeKhanate of the Great Khan

Ilkanate of the Great Khan

Established diplomatic relations with Korea, Vietnam, India, EuropeSlide30

Mongol Rule in ChinaFour ClassesMongolsCentral Asians and the Middle EasternersNorthern Chinese

Southern ChineseSlide31

Mongol Rule in ChinaOutlawed intermarriage between Mongols and Chinese

Forbade

Chinese from learning the Mongol language

Brought

foreign administrators into China and put them in charge

Tolerated

all cultural and religious traditions in ChinaSlide32

Mongol Ruling EliteBecame enchanted with the Lamaist (Vajrayana) Buddhism

of

Tibet

Universal leader conceptSlide33

The Mongols and Eurasian IntegrationThe Mongols and tradeMongols worked to secure trade routes and ensure safety of merchants

Elaborate courier network with relay

stations

Maintained good order for traveling merchants, ambassadors, and missionariesSlide34

ResettlementMongols needed skilled artisans and educated individuals from other

places

Often resettled them in different locations to provide

services

Uigher

Turks served as clerks, secretaries, and

administrators

Arab and Persian Muslims also served Mongols far from their

homelands

Skilled artisans were often sent to Karakorum; became permanent residentsSlide35

Decline of the Mongols in Persia and ChinaHad been established by Hulegu

by 1260

Ghazan

– declared himself a Muslim in 1295

Decline of the Il-

kanate

state

In Persia, excessive spending and overexploitation led to reduced revenues

Failure of the

Il-khan’s

paper

money

Factional struggle plagued the Mongol

leadership

The last ruler died without an heir; the

Il-khanate collapsed - 1349Slide36

Decline of the Yuan DynastySeen as outsidersTraditional Chinese & outside religionsRebellions among farmers Paper

money issued by the Mongol rulers lost

value

Power

struggles, assassinations, and civil war weakened Mongols after 1320sSlide37

Bubonic PlagueIn southwest China in 1330sSpread through Asia and

Europe

Depopulation and labor shortage undermined the Mongol

regime

By 1368 the Chinese drove the Mongols back to the steppesSlide38

Surviving Mongol KhanatesThe Khanate of Chaghati continued in central AsiaLater –

Timur

/ Tamerlane

The Golden Horde survived until the mid-sixteenth

century

Batu

Khan

Sarai – near Volga RiverSlide39

Checking for Understanding:

Why is it argued by historians that the Mongols changed the world, or helped to make the world ‘modern’?Slide40

RECOVERY IN CHINAThe Ming DynastyZhu

Yuanzhang

(

Hongwu

)

overthrew Mongol rule and established the Ming dynasty in

1368

Ming centralization of government revived Chinese traditionsReestablished Confucian educational and civil service systems

Emperor ruled China directly without the aid of chief

ministers

Mandarins and eunuchs maintained absolute authority of emperors

Mandarins represented central government to local authorities

Eunuchs could not build family fortunesSlide41

The Ming DynastyMapSlide42

Ming Dynasty Promoted Economic RecoveryRepaired irrigation systemsAgricultural productivity soaredPromoted manufacture of porcelain, silk, and cotton textilesTrade within Asia flourished with increased productionSlide43

Cultural RevivalActively promoted neo-ConfucianismYongle – encyclopedia – massive anthology of cultural traditionsSlide44

The Chinese Reconnaissance Zheng He’s expeditionsMing emperors permitted foreigners to trade in Quanzhou and GuangzhouRefurbished navy and sent seven ships into Indian OceanPurposes of expedition?

Largest marine crafts in the world…Slide45

The Treasure ShipsSlide46

Chinese Naval PowerVisited southeast Asia, India, Ceylon, Arabia, and east AfricaZheng He’s voyages were diplomatic-exchange of gifts and envoysAlso military – used force to impress foreign powers – ex. coastal pirates

Voyages enhanced Chinese reputation in the Indian Ocean basinSlide47

End of Voyages1433New emperor Confucian ministers mistrusted foreign alliancesResources redirected to agriculture and defense of northern bordersTechnology of building ships was forgotten, charts destroyedSlide48

Zheng HeSlide49

Forbidden City183 acres32 feet tall wall1406 construction begins14 years200,000 men75 buildings, 9,999 roomsSlide50

Map of the Forbidden CitySlide51

Hall of Supreme HarmonyMajor StructureSlide52

Hall of Earthly PeaceResidence of EmpressSlide53

Hall of Protective HarmonyBanquet HallSlide54

The Ming Emperor and EmpressSlide55

From the Air….