Go ask Alice When she is - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Go ask Alice

When she is

10 feet tall!

Drugs (toxicology)Slide2

Drug

- a natural or synthetic substance that is used to produce physiological or psychological effects in humans or other animals

Drug abuse is epidemic in proportionsAccounts for >75% of evidence currently being evaluated in crime labs

Drugs and AbuseSlide3

Psychological dependence

(need it mentally): “the conditional use of drug caused by underlying emotional needs”Intensity of dependence depends on drug usedHigh dependence: alcohol, heroin, amphetamines, barbiturates, cocaine

Lower dependence: marijuana, codeinePhysical dependence (need it physically): “physiological need for a drug that has been brought about by its regular use. - Characterized by withdrawal sickness when administration of the drug is abruptly stopped.”

Drug DependenceSlide4

Narcotics

- relief from pain and causes sleep (now generally means a socially unacceptable drug)

Hallucinogens - alter normal thoughts, perceptions and moods

Depressants - depress functions of central nervous system, cause calm and bring about sleepinessStimulants - increase alertness and activity

Steroids

- promote muscle growth

Inhalants

- 

breathable substances that produce mind-altering results and effects

Classes of DrugsSlide5

Provides relief from pain and produces sleep

Repeated, prolonged use will result in physiological dependence

Source: opium from poppy plant podMorphine content ranging from 14%-21%Heroin – morphine derivative

Narcotics

(Analgesics or Opiates)Slide6

Narcotics

Analgesic

- relieve pain by

depressing central nervous

system

(opium, morphine

, heroin,

codeine, opiates).

Cocaine (stimulant), Marijuana (hallucinogen), etc are

NOT

classified as narcotics even though they are frequently called that.

Most narcotics are opium derived.

Opium from Poppy plants (sap is

4- 21% opium).

Opium PoppySlide7

Opiates

Synthetically prepared

Similar effects as opium derivatives

OxycontinMethadone – taken with heroin or morphine, highsSlide8

The looks of opiatesSlide9

Heroin

Water Soluble: easy IV use

Rapid onset but short term (2-3 hrs) effectsField test uses reagent called marquis: purple color indicates positive test Chemical derivative of morphineUsually street drug 20-30% pure

Morphine

Heroin

Acetic anhydrideSlide10

Heroin Forms

Black Tar Heroin

Heroin Packages

Heroin PowderSlide11

Hallucinogens

Drugs that cause marked changes in normal thought processes, perceptions and moods

(ex Marijuana, PCP, LSD, mescaline, MDMA, ecstasy).Slide12

Prior to 1970,

classified

as a narcotic drugMind altering

Hashish is the concentrated preparation

Active ingredient is

tetrahydrocannabinol

(THC)

Can tentatively be identified by the

Duquenois

-Levine color test

NOT

synthesized

from

Canniabis sativa Marijuana slang terms vary from one part of the country to another

Older terms: pot, herb, grass, weed, Mary Jane, and reefer

Newer terms

: Aunt Mary, skunk, boom, gangster,

kif

, or ganjaSlide13

THC is readily absorbed by fatty tissues in various organs

Generally, traces of THC can be detected by standard urine testing methods several days after a smoking session

In heavy, chronic users, traces can sometimes be detected for weeks after they have stopped using marijuanaHow long does Marijuana stay in the body?Slide14

Other Hallucinogens

Phencyclidine (PCP)

Some common street

Names: Angel Dust, Wack

, Embalming

Fluid

Mescaline (

Mesc

)

Psilocybin

Some common street Names

:

Shrooms

, Magic Mushrooms LSD

Some common street Names

:

Acid

,

Yellow

Sunshines

,

Trips

EcstacySlide15

LSD

From lysergic acid, derived from ergot fungus that attacks certain grasses and grains

Very potent; little needed to cause vivid visuals hallucinations that can last for 12 hours

Produces marked changes in mood – anxiety and tensionSlide16

Easily synthesized

Mixed with LSD or amphetamines and sold as “angel dust”

Effects:Feelings of strength, vulnerability and a dreamy sense of detachment

Unresponsive, confused & agitatedIrritability, isolation, hallucinations and paranoia

PCPSlide17

Depressants

alcohol,

barbituates

, tranquilizers

Create a relaxed feeling of well-being, produces sleep

Usually

taken

orally

Depresses central

nervous

system

Major

problems:

chemical

exposure causes permanent liver, kidney, heart and brain damageSlide18

Alcohol (ethanol)

Continued use may lead to physical dependency

No. 1 Abused drug in U.S. with more related deaths per year than any other

The degree to which the CNS function is impaired is directly proportional to the concentration of alcohol in the blood“Hangover” Causes: effects of ethanol:

alcohol upsets your body's water balance. Causes “dry mouth” and thirst.

When alcohol is metabolized, it causes your blood to become more acidic than normal (this is called acidosis). Causes nausea and sweating.

Alcohol alters the normal daily rhythm of certain body functions (lose about 6 hours).

Nothing you can do will speed the process of alcohol elimination ...not exercising, vomiting, nor drinking 30 glasses of espresso Slide19

“Downers”

Derivatives of barbituric

acid (not natural)Impaired motor control, dizziness, and slower breathing and heart rateBarbiturates are medications used for treating headaches, insomnia

, andseizures.

Barbituates

Slang terms:

Usually stem from color of capsule or tablet:

Yellow jackets

Blue devils

RedsSlide20

Tranquilizers

Considered depressants, but do not impair higher level thinking skills

Used to reduce anxiety in patientsMild tranquilizers are prescribed to deal with everyday tensionsSlide21

Increase

alertness and activity “uppers” or “speed”

Synthetic drugs that stimulate the CNSCan be taken by injection, ingestion or inhalationOnce a stimulant wears off, severe depression usually sets in, requiring more stimulant (speed binge)

CocaineAmphetaminesMethamhetamine

StimulantsSlide22

Amphetamines are not the exact same drug as methamphetamine. They have similar effects but amphetamines can be prescribed by a medical doctor.

Highly addictive

Used to treat narcolepsy and attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity ADHD (ex. Adderall)Full-time college students are twice as likely to abuse

Adderall than their peers who aren’t in college

Nearly 90% of college students who abuse

Adderall

also report binge drinking, and over 50% were regular heavy alcohol users

AmphetamineSlide23

Primary route: injection

Looking for more intense experience

Prolonged speed binges result in sleeping for a couple of days followed by severe depression following the highSmokeable form known as “ice” Produces effects similar to crack cocaine, but last longer

Chronic users exhibit violent destructive behavior and acute psychosis like paranoid schizophreniaRepeated use results in psychological dependency

MethamphetamineSlide24
Slide25

Cocaine

Derived from leaves of

erythroxylon coca plantt

Originally used as a local painkiller or anestheticPowerful stimulate of the CNSSniffed or snorted and absorbed into body through mucus membranes of the nose

Chronic use/ high doses have toxic effects

Cause: Cardiac

arrests

Seizures

Respiratory arrests

Experiments have shown cocaine causes the strongest psychological dependencySlide26

Cocaine processed with baking powder (sodium bicarbonate) is "crack", a

smokable

version of cocaine with a shorter but more intense hit

It's called 'crack' after the sound it makes when you light it. It can quickly induce a psychological dependency.

CrackSlide27

In the 1990s, inhalants were the 2

nd

most commonly-used illicit drug among 12- 17 year olds (Brouette & Anton, 2001)

3 groups of Inhalants:SolventsAnestheticsNitrites

Inhaled, either directly or by pouring/spraying into a bag or onto a cloth

Results in temporary loss of motor control and a "dissociative" psychological effect, where sensations and perceptions become disconnected

Myelin around nerve cells is broken down and ultimately nerve cells can not transmit messages to one another

.

Inhalants

Can cause

Sudden Sniffing Death SyndromeSlide28

Club Drugs/Date Rape DrugsSlide29

Club Drugs

Synthetic drugs used at nightclubs, bars and raves

Tablets easily hidden in Pez dispensersInclude:

MDMA (Ecstacy)GHB (gamma hyroxybutyrate)Rohypnol (

Roofies

)

KetamineSlide30

“Club” Drugs

Flunitrazepam

(Rohypnol)

GHB

Ketamine

MDMA (Ecstacy)Slide31

Ecstacy

(Molly)

(hallucinogen/stimulant)

Most popular drug at club scenesCauses psychological difficulties, including confusion, depression, sleep problems, drug craving, severe anxiety

Decreases inhibitions

MDMA

(3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine)

Ecstasy comes in a tablet that is often branded, some are shown below:

Proponents claim risks associated with Ecstasy can be minimized by drinking lots of water.Slide32

GHB

(depressant) Effects: Dizziness, sedation, headache, nausea

Recreational users feel euphoric, relaxed, a loss of inhibitions and increased libido

Effects

can be felt within 15 minutes after ingestion.

Mixed

with

alcohol,

GHB can cause the central nervous system to shut down, lead to loss of consciousness, and possibly result in a coma or

death

Rohypnol

(depressant) Effects: Muscle relaxation, loss of consciousness, and inability to remember what happened hours after ingestion of the drugEffects begin within 30 minutes, peak within 2 hours, and may persist for up to 8 hours or more, depending upon the dosage

Date Rape DrugsSlide33

Rohypnol (

flunitrazepam

)

Street Names:

Roofies

,

Rophies

, Roche, Forget-me Pill, Circles

Manufacturer recently reformulated the drug to make it more detectable.

When put in a light-colored drink, new Rohypnol will turn the beverage bright blue.

Consumers of darker-colored beverages should be tipped off

by

a

cloudy

appearance.Slide34

Veterinarian Medicine

(an animal anesthetic)

Common street names: Cat Tranquilizer, Cat Valium, Jet K, Kit Kat, Purple, Special KCauses the person to feel as if their mind is “separated” from the bodyCauses feeling of unreality in humans

Ketamine

Powder

KetamineSlide35

Synthetic compounds chemically related to testosterone

Accelerates muscle growth without development of secondary sex characteristics

Most common used in athleticsUsually taken by individuals unfamiliar with harmful side effects

Anabolic SteroidsSlide36

Side effects

Liver cancer & liver malfunctions

Masculinizing

effects on femalesInfertilityDiminished sex drive in malesPremature halting of bone growth in teenagers

Unpredictable effects on mood & personality resulting in unprovoked acts of anger & destructive behaviorSlide37

Medical and legal classifications of drugs are not the same

Severity of penalties may depend on:

Amount (weight) of drugConcentration of drug in mixture

Controlled Substances Act (1970)5 schedules of classificationClassification based on:Drug’s potential for abuse

Physical & psychological dependence (how addictive are they)

Medical value

Drug Control LawsSlide38

Schedule I

Substance has a high potential for abuse

Substance currently has no accepted medical use in the US

There is a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision

Include: Heroin

, LSD,

Marijuana,

MDMASlide39

Substance has a high potential for abuse

Substance currently has an accepted medical use in

treatment in the U.S. with severe restrictions

Abuse of the substance may lead to severe

psychological or physical dependence

Include: Morphine

, PCP, cocaine,

methadone,

methamphetamine,

adderall

Schedule IISlide40

Substance has a potential for abuse less than those

in Schedules I and IICurrently has an accepted medical use in treatment

in the U.S.Abuse may lead to moderate or low physical

dependence or high psychological dependence

Include: Anabolic

steroids,

codeine,

hydrocodone

with

aspirin

or

TylenolSchedule IIISlide41

The substance has a low potential for

abuse

relative to those in Schedule III

Currently has an accepted medical use intreatment in the U.S.

Abuse may lead to limited physical

dependence or psychological dependence

relative to those in Schedule III

Include: Librium,

Xanax

, Valium

(tranquilizers)

Schedule IVSlide42

The substance has low potential for abuse relative those in Schedule IV

Currently has an accepted medical use in treatment

in the U.S.

Abuse may lead to limited physical or

psychological dependence relative to those

substances in Schedule IV

Include: Over-the-counter

cough medicines with codeine

Schedule VSlide43

Analysis must leave no room for error

A step by step procedure must be in place for determining the identity of the drug

2 phases:Screening tests –reduce the possible identities of the drug to a reasonable number

Confirmation tests – narrow down the possible identities to a single oneTests include: color, microcrystalline, chromatography, spectrophotometry and mass spectrometry

Drug IdentificationSlide44

Specific colors are seen when in contact with specific chemical reagents

Provide an indicator of drug’s presence

Allows field examination of substances to determine if drugs are presentColor TestsSlide45

Drop of chemical reagent added to small quantity of drug.

Crystalline precipitate forms

Microscopic examination of crystals can identify certain drugs such as heroinTests are rapid and do not require isolation of the drug

Microcrystalline Tests