of DISASTERS Dr Anil Kumar Gupta Associate Professor National Institute of Disaster Management New Delhi Disaster Hazard or Disaster types Reclassified Environmental natural or manmade ID: 266438
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Environmental Impact Assessment of DISASTERS
Dr. Anil Kumar GuptaAssociate ProfessorNational Institute of Disaster ManagementNew DelhiSlide2Slide3Slide4Slide5Slide6Slide7Slide8Slide9
Disaster???
Hazard
orSlide10Slide11
Disaster –types : Re-classified…Environmental (natural or man-made)
Geo-hydrologicalBiologicalChemical FiresEpidemic….Technological & civil / sectorialRail, Industrial (Electrical, Mechanical..), Nuclear, Road…Security threats
Terrorism, sabotage, bomb blast…
War
Festival related
– Stempede etc.Slide12
IMPACTS OF DISASTERS
Physical (buildings, structures, physical property, industry, roads, bridges, etc.)Environmental (water, land/soil, land-use, landscape, crops, lake/rivers / estuaries, aquaculture, forests, animals/livestock, wildlife, atmosphere, energy, etc.)
Social
(life, health, employment, relations, security, peace, etc.)
Economic
(assets, deposits, reserves, income, commerce, production, guarantee/insurance, etc.)
Physical
Environmental
Disaster Event
SOCIAL
EconomicSlide13
Likely effects on disaster impacts on environmental components and assets
Impact component
Likely environmental effects (tentative list) of disaster event
Air
Air pollution, toxic release, local-climatic change, global warming contribution
Water
Water pollution, water scarcity, chemical spillage, waste discharge, loss of aquatic life, eutrophication
Land
Soil erosion, soil contamination, acidity/alkalinity/sodicity, aridity, wetland-loss, land-use conflict, debris/waste
Crops
Crop damage, crop failure, pre-crop condition failures, quality loss
Wildlife
Loss of habitat, animal death or illness, migration, food scarcity
Livestock
Animal death, loss of fodder, illness, breeding troubles, migration
Forests
Vegetation damage, structural/functional failures, produce/services loss
Waste
Carcasses, Debris, Damaged goods, e-waste, hazardous/infectious waste
Aesthetic
Loss of natural landscape, ecotourism, recreation, and psycho-spiritual servicesSlide14
Disaster-Environment Impact Matrix
Air
Water
Land
Crops
Wildlife
Livestock
Forests
Waste
Flood
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Cyclone
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Drought
I
D
D
D
D
D
D
I
Earthquake
S, C
I, C
I
--
L
D
--DLandslide--SD--I--DDChemicalDDDDD, CDD, CDNuclearDD, SDD, SDDD, LDBiologicalSD, CSCCCCDCivilCCC, I--------CTransportCCCL------D
D=Direct, I=Indirect, S=Secondary, L=Less, C=Case specificSlide15
Disaster cycle
Likely environmental impact causes, examples
Pre-disaster stage:
Environmental impacts of structural mitigation
Land-use alteration
Environmental impacts and wastes during mock-drills
During Disaster
(Natural – Earthquake, Landslide, Tsunami, Flood, Drought, Cyclone; Man-made – Chemical/ industrial, nuclear, biological, civil)
Structural waste/debris/e-waste/carcasses
Air pollution, contamination, toxic release
Fire and/or explosion, Hazardous wastes exposure
Water pollution
Radiation
Noise
Land degradation, contamination, soil loss
Vegetation – crop/ forest, biodiversity damage
Wetland loss
Coastal beach/ River bank erosion
Post-disaster
(Relief-rehab. phase)
Waste generation from relief operation (food, medical, shelter, packaging)
Water shortage, Water pollution, loss of fisheries
Air pollution due to waste/carcasses disposal, transport, etc.
Land-use and landscape changes for shelters/ camps etc.
Environmental impacts due to relief road/bridge making
Environmental impacts due to other emergency supplies
Hazardous waste recoveries
Spoilages of industrial materials and goods
Local climatic-setting alteration
Post-disaster (recovery and later – long term)
Environmental impacts of changed land-use and landscape
Environmental impacts of persistent chemicals release in system
Biotic pressure of the altered settings of rehabilitated population
Environmental impacts due to peoples increased dependence on ecosystem resources because of losses to their crops/livelihoods
Biodiversity changes and alien species invasionSlide16
Impacts of tropical cyclone land-fall and associated environmental losses
Wind
Effect of local Tides
Effect of local Coastal Configuration
Low Atmospheric Pressure in the Centre
Rain
Storm Surge
Flooding
Loss of Human Life: Injuries
Damage to structures & Continent
Flooding of Low-Lying Coastal Areas
Erosion of Beaches
Damage to onshore & offshore installations
Damage to Shipping & Fishing Facilities
Loss of Communications & Power
Urban Bushfire
Loss of Soil Fertility from Saline Intrusion
Land Subsidence
Contamination of Domestic Water Supply
Destruction of Vegetation, Crops, LivestockSlide17
Effects of a chemical disaster on life and environmental factorsSlide18
Environ-disaster interface
Environmental Hazards
Complex
Population
Growth
Losses
Poverty
Low
coping
capacity
High
Exposure
to
Hazard
Locations
High Disaster Risk
Hazard /
Trigger
event
Major Disaster Losses
Source: 2008(5) PublicationSlide19
EIA: Best Practice Framework in Emergency ResponseDecember 2001 Benfield Greig Hazard Research Centre, University of London
BGHRC and Care International – REIAUN Economic Community for Latin American and the Caribbean (ECLAC)Handbook for Estimating the Socio-economic and Environmental Effects of Disasters3, updated in 2003Slide20
Disaster Focused EIA Tools
Natural Hazard Environmental Impact Assessment (Pre-disaster) (90 days)Fast Environmental Assessment Tool (Hours) (Hours to 3 days)Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment in Disasters (REA, 2-10 days) Guidelines at http://www.benfieldhrc.org/disaster studies/rea/rea index.htm
Framework for Assessing, Monitoring and Evaluating the Environment in Refugee-related Operations
(FRAME) (Days to weeks, Months)
Guide to Identifying Critical Environmental Considerations in Emergency Shelter (Hours
to weeks)
Post Disaster Environmental Impact Assessments
(Months / 90 days)Slide21
Environmental needs….(relief)WaterConsumption
SanitationEnergyProtection from climateHeating/coolingClothingFoodProcessing foodProcessing waterLighting
Shelter
Evacuation of waste
Disposal of waste
Water (quality)
Vector control
Environmental sanitationSlide22
Disaster-Environment Complex: Emergency Response and Development Needs…..Slide23
Disaster Debris: Katrina Case
The primary types of disaster debris being removed in the wake of Hurricane Katrina fall into the following categories:Municipal solid waste — general household trash and personal belongings.Construction and demolition (C&D) debris — building materials (which may include asbestos-containing materials), drywall, lumber, carpet, furniture, mattresses, plumbing.
Vegetative debris
— trees, branches, shrubs, and logs.
Household hazardous waste
— oil, pesticides, paints, cleaning agents.
White goods
— refrigerators, freezers, washers, dryers, stoves, water heaters, dishwashers, air conditioners.
Electronic waste
— computers, televisions, printers, stereos, DVD players, telephones.Slide24
REIA
Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment in Disasters? The REA is a tool to identify, define, characterize and prioritize potential environmental impacts in disaster situations which threaten human life and welfare. The REA is a simple, qualitative assessment process. It uses easy to understand descriptions, rating tables and lists to identify and rank environmental issues and appropriate follow-up actions during a disaster. The REA is used from shortly before a disaster strikes, up to 120 days after a disaster, or for any major stage-change in an emergency situation. The REA can also be used as an environmental impact check list in relief project design and review.
Who undertakes a REA?
Primary REA users are non-specialists directly involved in disaster response operations, with a basic knowledge of the disaster management process but no background in environmental issues. It can be used by disaster victims with appropriate support
The Joint United Nations Environment Program/ Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Office, Geneva, Royal Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance, USAIDSlide25
Pro-Active ApproachEnvironmental Risk Assessment
Disaster RiskImpact RiskEnvironmental Auditing Natural Resource AccountingEcological Footprints of DisastersEconomic Evaluation of Environmental ImpactsEnvironmental Health Preparedness
Environmental Response in EmergenciesSlide26
Context Differences EIANormal and Disaster Assessments
NormalLead TimeLegal RequirementDeliberate and pro-activeWill be comprehensive“No project” an optionLocation known
Duration planned
Beneficiary populations known and static
Environmental goals can be made compatible with economic ones
Disaster
Sudden onset
Rarely a legal requirement
Reactive
May need to be partial in coverage
“No project” not an option
Unpredictable location
Uncertain duration
Population dynamic and heterogeneous
Saving lives given priority
Activities sometimes hard to reconcile with environmental goals. Slide27
EIA Exercise 001/NIDMParticipants divided in 4 groupsEach group will analyze 2 cases out of given 08 cases
Each group will identify:02 environmental aspects not related to development/livelihood /economic development03 environmental aspects related to development/livelihood / economic developmentSlide28
EIA Exercise 002Each group will be given Tsunami Case Environmental Aspects
Pre-disasterDuring EmergencyPost-disaster reliefRehabilitationRecovery phaseSocial-Environmental Impact LinkagesIdentify 02 aspects which are not relatedIdentify 02 aspects which are relatedSlide29
environment a charity
OROur need?Disasters from A Disaster?Man-made Disasters…..Slide30
THANK YOU….envirosafe2007@gmail.com