Harun Dogo Environmental Economist Environment and Natural Resources World Bank July 18 2017 Transport projects have diverse environmental effects Effects of transport projects on land resources ID: 635371
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Slide1
Environmental impact evaluation in transport
Harun Dogo
Environmental Economist
Environment and Natural Resources, World Bank
July 18, 2017Slide2
Transport projects have diverse environmental effectsSlide3
Effects of transport projects on land resources
Direct:
Land use change
Forest conversion
Habitat fragmentation
Indirect:
Sprawl
Loss of natural capital
Reduction in ecosystem servicesCumulative:Reduced carbon sequestration (climate change)
See Rodrigue (2017) for further description of impacts
Effect of Road Quality on Forest Clearing Intensity
(Barra et al., 2016)Slide4
Data and monitoring for land resource impacts
Data
type
Collection method
Benefits
Challenges
Tree cover/land feature recognition
high-resolution remote sensed image processing
Conducted remotely, cover large areas
Can be expensive to purchase/process high-resolution imageryGround
monitored dataOn-the-ground monitoring by individuals
C
apture nuance that remote sensing cannot
Impractical for large impact areas, conflict zones, etc.Aerial imageryImage collection from airplanes or dronesLess labor-intensive than ground monitoring, but still local engagementRequires both local data collection and image processing
White dots indicate detected oil palm trees in remotely sensed imagery (CRISP, 2001)
Soil sampling can determine contaminants/VOCs
Drone imagery can target specific areas/resources to monitorSlide5
Assessment of land resource impacts
Example
: Estimation of road effects on forest cover
and biodiversity indicators in the DRC combine to simulate effects of transport policy implementation (Barra et al., 2016)
Hotspot analysis:
show overlapping impacts of transport development with cities, biodiversity, economic opportunities, etc.
Cost-benefit analysis
: value of natural capital x extent of impact = significance of impact
Example: Parallel assessment of feasible project options in Botswana including environmental impact costs (Botswana Ministry of Works, Transport & Communications, 2001)Slide6
Effects of transport projects on air quality
Indirect:
Respiratory and cardiovascular problems
Direct:
Noise
Local pollution (particulate matter, carbon monoxide)
Cumulative:
Greenhouse gas effects (climate change)
Deaths from Ambient Air Pollution (OECD, 2014)Slide7
Data and Monitoring for Air Quality Impacts
Data
type
Collection method
Benefits
Challenges
Remote
ly sensed particulate matter data
Processed satellite images
Free, open global sources available
Modeled surfaces mean some inaccuracy
Ground monitored chemical/noise data
Ground air monitoring stations, blood testing, noise monitoring tools
Greater local accuracyExpensive, difficult to implementCO2 concentrations
Processed satellite images/ground monitoring or modeled estimation of impact
Climate change impacts taken into account
Longer-term, dispersed effects mean difficult to monitor locally – estimating impacts with general models can also be inaccurate
Atmospheric CO2 monitoring (NOAA, 2017)
Blood tests can reveal human exposure to harmful substances like lead
Noise pollution monitorSlide8
Assessment of air quality impacts
Need to consider current/future traffic loads, fuel types, exposure, etc.
National/international assessment tools and frameworks:
WHO
AirQ
+ software tool for health risk assessment of air pollution
US Environmental Protection Agency Integrated Science Assessments
Ananberg
et al. (2016) assess 12 multinational air pollution health impact assessment tools
Approach for evaluation of mortality and morbidity from road traffic-related air pollution in Austria, France, and Switzerland (Sommer et al., 2000)Slide9
Effects of transport projects on water resources
Direct:
Water pollution from runoff
Habitat fragmentation
Fuel spills
Dredging
Indirect:
Groundwater contamination
Air pollution falloutInvasive species transferCumulative:Long-term water quality decline
For more information, see US DOT (2002), World Wildlife Fund (2017) and Rodrigue (2017)
Satellite imagery shows “ship tracks” of elevated NO2 levels from shipping pollution (NASA, 2012)Slide10
Data and Monitoring for Water Resource Impacts
Data
type
Collection method
Benefits
Challenges
Remotely sensed water pollution/ temperature
Satellite imagery processing
Global, open source data available
Modeled surface, may not be frequently updated or high enough resolution to show project impact
Water quality levels
Local testing
Fine-scale, targeted water quality data
Difficult to isolate effects of project Water quality test instrumentsSlide11
Assessment of water resource impacts
Hydrologic impact modeling
Valuation of costs
Ecosystem service valuation (value of ecosystems to humans)
Hedonic pricing (isolating environmental value based on willingness-to-pay)
Land cover classification to determine connected pavement for hydrologic modeling
(
Janke
& Gulliver, 2011)
Tracking ecosystem services (erosion control, nutrients in drinking water, carbon storage) redistribution from road development and mitigation in the Amazon(Mandle et al., 2011)
Pucallpa-Cruzeiro do Sul road, PeruSlide12
Thank you!Slide13
Useful Resources for More Information
Rodrigue
, J-P (2017). The Environmental Impacts of Transportation.
https://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/ch8c1en.html
Anenberg
, Susan C., Anna
Belova
,
Jørgen Brandt, Neal Fann, Sue Greco, Sarath Guttikunda, Marie-Eve Heroux, et al. 2016. “Survey of Ambient Air Pollution Health Risk Assessment Tools.” Risk Analysis 36 (9): 1718–36. doi:10.1111/risa.12540.Slide14
Data sources for land resources
Indicators
Country Coverage
Database/Source
Forest coverage and loss
Global
Hansen et al., 2013
Soil degradation
Naipal 2015
Vegetation Index (NDVI);
Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
NEO (MODIS/Terra)
Biodiversity
Biodiversity Hot Spots (2011): IBAT and Conservation International
Bird areas
Endemics Bird Areas (1987-1998): IBAT
Protected areas
70 countries
Protected Areas (2014): World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) (April 2014)Slide15
Data sources for air quality
Indicators
Country Coverage
Database/Source
PM2.5 air pollution, satellite
Global
CIESIN, 2015
PM2.5 air pollution, all
and
dust/salt-removed
van Donkelaar et al., 2016
PM2.5 air pollution, emissions
ECCAD
PM10 air pollution
Black Carbon
NO x
Mercury Slide16
Data sources for water resources
Indicators
Country Coverage
Source
Area of district's shoreline by low, medium, high & very high threat
70 countries
Reefs at Risk (REEF)
database,
World Resources Institute (WRI), 2011
Ocean Health Index/Cumulative Impact Score, fertilization,
pesticides, pollution, night lights, fishing, sea surface temperature, UV, ocean acidification, sea level rise, ocean shipping, invasive species, ocean pollution pressure, oil rigs
Global
Degradation of Marine Ecosystems (COAST),
Halpern et al (2015)
Climate Change Sea Level Trend (SLT)
Nicholls and
Cazenave
Freshwater withdrawal, irrigation, precipitation,
runoff, etc.
Aqueduct
Database,
World Resources Institute (WRI)