The simplest data structure R operates on is the vector Vector Can contain numerical data string or mix values Can increase the size of the vector by adding concatenating additional columns ID: 141947
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Slide1
R-Data StructureThe simplest data structure R operates on is the vector
VectorCan contain numerical data, string, or mix valuesCan increase the size of the vector by adding “concatenating additional columns”
Numerical content
Adding a string to
A numerical vector
changes the vector to a list (vector withmixed content type
1Slide2
Operation on numerical vectorNormal operataion: -,+,* 1/x (reciprocal),mean, etc.
For example:v<-c(1,2,3,4)inv <- 1/v #will assign to inv the reciprocal of each value of vExample:y <- c(v, 0,
v)z<-mean(y)
2Slide3
Sequences (special vectors of numeric values)
1:n means 1,2,..nExample1V<-c(1:3) means
v<-c(1,2,3) Example2: n<-1:30 Example3: n<-2*1:15 “
:” has higher priorityExample4:
n<-seq(-5:5)
ExerciseTry seq(-5,5) and compare with seq(-5:5)
Use help(seq) to learn more about the
seq
instruction
3Slide4
Matrixmatrix(data, nrow,
ncol, byrow)The data is a list of the elements that will fill the matrix
The nrow and ncol arguments specify the dimension of the matrix. Often only one dimension argument is needed. For example,
if there are 20 elements in the data list and ncol is specified to be 4 then R will automatically determine that there should be 5 rows and 4 columns since 4*5=20.
byrow takes value in {TRUE,FALSE}
The byrow argument specifies how the matrix is to be filled. The default value for byrow is FALSE which means that by default the matrix will be filled column by column.
R-Data Structure4Slide5
[,1] means
“all the rows of column 1”
[1,] means“all the columns of row 1”
5Slide6
Data FrameA data frame is used for storing data tables. It is a list of vectors of equal length. For example, the following variable df is a data frame containing three vectors v1, v2, v3.
v1 = c(2, 3, 5) v2 = c("aa", "bb", "cc") v3 = c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE) df =
data.frame(v1, v2, v3)# df is a data framedf
R-Data Structure
6Slide7
List: A list is a vector in which the various elements need not be of the same typeExampleV<-c(1,”2”,”hello”,TRUE)Factor: A factor is a vector of categorical data.
Storing data as factors insures that the modeling functions will treat such data correctly. Example:> data = c(1,2,2,3,1,2,3,3,1,2,3,3,1) > fdata = factor(data) > fdata
[1] 1 2 2 3 1 2 3 3 1 2 3 3 1 Levels: 1 2 3
R-Data StructureThe output shows the content of
fdata but also The distinct values of the categorical attribute
7Slide8
Importing Dataread.table
(path, more parameters…)mydata <- read.table("c:/mydata.csv", header=TRUE, sep=",", row.names="id
")Path to the filenote the “/” instead of “\” on Ms
windows systems
TRUE=Include
the header row
DelimiterUsed in the file
Optional
Row names
Use
help(
read.table
)
for more info
Also consider
read.csv()
instruction to import commas delimited
For example:
read.csv
("http://www2.cs.uh.edu/~zechun_cao/TA_Resources/iris.data")
8Slide9
Original file
Output
9Slide10
Excel File read.xlsExercise:
The best way to import data in Excel format is to save the data as .csv and then use read.table() to import it. However, the read.xls is often used. Since it is not part of the core R library, it has to be installed and loaded into the workspace.Use read.xls to read an excel file into R. (read.xls is part of the gdata
packageImporting Data10Slide11
Answer>install.packages(
pkgs="gdata")>library(gdata)>data <- read.xls(path)
11Slide12
Select columns (variables)Drop columns (variables)
Select Observations (rows)
Random Sampling (exercise)Operations on Dataset/sub-setting
x1,x2,x3,class0,2,2,A0,3,2.5,B0,3,3,A1,3,3,B1,3.5,4,c
1,3,2,A1,4,2,c1,4,3,A0,1,3,B0,1,4,A1,2,2,c1,2.5,1,A
dataset
12Slide13
Sub-setting by selecting columnsExample1:# select variables
x1, x3myvars <- c(“x1", “x3“)mysubSet<- dataset [
myvars]mysubSetExample2:# select jth variable and
kth thru mth variablesnewdata
<- dataset[c(j,k:m)]
Operations on Dataset/sub-setting
13Slide14
Drop some columns# exclude 1st and 3rd variable
mysubSet <- dataset[c(-1,-3)]Also to delete a column assign NULL to the columnExample:# delete variables
x1mydata$x1<- NULL Operations on Dataset/sub-setting
14Slide15
Select Observations# first n observationsmysubSet
<- dataset[1:n,]# based on variable valuesmysubSet <- dataset[ which(dataset$x3==2 & dataset$x2
> 2), ]Or equivalently# based on variable values
attach(dataset)
mysubSet <- dataset[ which(x3
==2 & x2 > 2), ]detach(dataset)
Operations on Dataset/sub-setting
Get row 1 to n, for all columns
15Slide16
Sampling dataset = read.csv("C:/Users/paul/Desktop/R_wd/Lab/example.csv")
datasetdataset[sample(nrow(dataset), 3), ]Using the dataset in the next box write a script that selects 4 rows randomly.Step 1: import the file.
Step2: use srsdf to sample 16
Operations on Dataset/sub-setting
x1,x2,x3,class0,2,2,A1,3,2.5,B1.5,3.8,3,A2,4,3,B2.1,3.5,4,c2.3,3.8,2,A
2.8,4,2,c3,4,3,A3.2,4.5,3,B3.4,4.6,4,A3.6,4.8,2,c3.6,5,1,ASlide17
Answerdataset = read.csv("C:/Users/paul
/Desktop/R_wd/Lab/example.csv")datasetdataset[sample(nrow(dataset), 3), ]
17Slide18
Operations on DatasetSplit
data frame or matrix split() #divide into groups by vector/factorExample>dataset = read.csv("C:/Users/
paul/Desktop/R_wd/input/Data_TPRTI/weka/EXAMPLE.csv")>classes<-split(
dataset,dataset$class)>classes
Observe that
split()
has
grouped the row of
same class together
because the group column
was specified to be the
class column
18Slide19
subset() #subset data with logical statementThe subset( ) function is the easiest way to select variables and observations. In the following example, we select all rows that have a value of
x3==2 and x2>2. We keep the x1, x2, and class columns. mysubSet<- subset(dataset, x3==2 & x2 >2, select=c(x1, x2,class))
Operations on Dataset/sub-setting
19Slide20
Use help() to learn about Merge data framesmerge() #merges two data frames d1, and d2 into one data frameCombine a row or column to a data frame
cbind() :Add a new column to a data frame rbind() : a new row to a data frame
Operations on Dataset/sub-setting20Slide21
Practice exerciseExercise1-Download the dataset Iris from
www.cs.uh.edu/~zechun_cao/DM12F.html andimport the data Into your R session2-Find out how many classes are in the file. The output column is the last column
3-Multiply the 3rd column by 2 and combine this new column to the data frame.21Slide22
Complete the exercise Thank you!
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