Do Now What do you know about the start of WWI The Great War The Great War was without precedent never had so many nations taken up arms at a single time Never had the battlefield been so vast never had the fighting been so gruesome ID: 466490
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Slide1
AIM: Why and how did World War I begin in 1914?
Do Now: What do you know about
the start of WWI?Slide2
The Great War
"The Great War was without precedent ... never had so many nations taken up arms at a single time. Never had the battlefield been so vast… never had the fighting been so gruesome..
.”
The Weight of 1914: Why examine it so closely?Slide3
Major Dates & Key Players
European World
Perspectives:
British Commonwealth
Germany and Austria
China and Japan
US
World War I1914-1918Slide4
Was WWI inevitable?
Web ActivitySlide5
Causes of the War
M
A I N
ilitarism
l
liances
mperialismationalismSlide6
Militarism
The glorification of the military
Helped feed the arms race
Militarist tradition painted war in romantic colorsSlide7
Alliances
The Triple Alliance:
Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy
Turns into the Central Powers in 1914 when war starts (NO Italy)The Triple Entente:Britain, France and Russia
Others:
Germany signs treaty with Ottomans
Britain tries to get JapanSlide8
Imperialism
Overseas rivalries creates competition
Ex: Germany and FranceSlide9
Nationalism
Germans proud of empire’s new military power and industrial leadership
French were bitter about 1871 defeat and yearned to recover lost border of Alsace-Lorraine
Pan-Slavism: Russia sponsors feeling of Nationalism that all Slavic peoples shared a common nationalitySlide10
The Powder Keg Ignites!
Regional conflict grows rapidly into a general war!
Assassination in Sarajevo: Archduke Franz Ferdinand (of Austria-Hungary) and wife were assassinated by Serbian terrorist
Gavrilo Princip
Austria gives Serbia an
ultimatum
with the assistance of a blank check from Germany!!Slide11
Alliances Kick In!
July 23
rd
: Delivery of the Austrian Ultimatum
July 26
th
: Serbia respondedJuly 27th: Russia, France, Italy, and Germany all accepted arbitration in principle
July 28th 1914: AUSTRIA DECLARES WAR ON SERBIAJuly 29
th
: Germany rejects arbitration, , Wilhelm and Nicholas began to exchange telegrams
July 30
th
: Russian mobilization announcedSlide12
Let’s Summarize…
What would you say the main cause of WWI was?Slide13
AIM: What were the true causes of WWI?
Do Now:
You are living in Europe during the summer of 1914 and the Archduke was just assassinated. What do you do next? How do you prepare for the war?
*Challenging MAIN!Slide14Slide15
The Storm Breaks
War? Of course there couldn’t be war! The Cabinets, like naughty children, were again dangling their feet over the edge; but the whole incalculable weight of things-as-they-were. . . continued calmly and convincingly to assert itself against the bandying of diplomatic words
– Edith Wharton in Paris on July 31.
23 July: Delivery of the Austrian Ultimatum
26 July: Serbia responded
27 July: Russia, France, Italy, and Germany all accepted arbitration in principle
28 July: International Socialist meeting in Brussels; Austria declared war on Serbia
29 July: Germany rejected arbitration; Wilhelm and Nicholas began to exchange telegrams30 July: Russian mobilization announcedSlide16
Militarism?
Wherever one looks one is aware of the international détente. . . . For years hardened chauvinists and militarists have tried to force upon us the conviction that war is imminent, that it will start in the [upcoming] spring. War has not started and it appears that peace will not be disturbed, that it will
last
– French Socialist statement, May, 1914Slide17
Alliances?
We had been familiar with these diplomatic conflicts for years; they were always happily settled at the last minute, before things got too
serious
– Stefan Zweig
Nations have no permanent friends or allies, they only have permanent interests – Lord
Palmerston
.Slide18
Imperialism?Slide19
Nationalism?
I do not think that this question interests the youth of today or the country, nor does it interest
me
– a 24 year-old interviewed by the Mercure de France
about Alsace in 1912
.
No considerable body of rational men in either France or Germany desires war or would look upon it otherwise than as a dire calamity
– Stanford President D. S. Jordan after a long trip to Alsace, 1913.Slide20
What Was Different in 1914?
*World War I was started by the actions of 12 men!Slide21
So What?
Although these forces existed in Europe, they were not dominant.
You
cannot just look at structures; people are still making clear decisions. This particular crises set up a set of circumstances that made it difficult to make the right decisions.
Europeans not eager for war in 1914. From 1905 to 1914 Europeans had seen much bigger crises come and go.
All sides saw war in defensive and moral terms
World War I was the cause not the effect of nationalist hatreds
[1914 was] a
year of pain and sorrow, not only for us but for the whole of what is called the civilized world. This terrible war goes on and on, and whereas you thought at the start that it would be over in a few weeks, there is now no end in sight. Your feelings harden, you become increasingly indifferent. You don’t think about the next day any more.
A
wish for us all for 1915: may this new year make up for 1914 and bring us
peace
– German soldier Hebert
Sulzbach
.Slide22
Country Analysis Discussion
Directions: Independently Read Handout and be ready to share your thoughts regarding your assigned country and their role in the start of World War I.
*These are excerpts from my 28 pages of notes from my summer seminar so they’re a bit choppy – I apologize!Slide23
Exit Slip.
Write a small paragraph (to be collected) answering the following question:
If you were asked what caused World War I, what would you respond?
*I’m going to share the best few responses with my colleagues from Chicago this past summer, so please put effort into these, just has to be a paragraph, nothing crazy!Slide24
AIM: How and where was World War I fought?
Do Now:
STALEMATE - What does is mean? How do you think it applies to WWI?Slide25
Stalemate on the Western Front
H
ow
they transpired?
T
he strategies employed?
Who was involved
?
Who was affected?Slide26
Trench WarfareSlide27
Technology of Modern WarfareSlide28Slide29
The Eastern Front
Not mired in trench warfare
Casualties higher than on Western Front
Russia loses the Eastern Front – August 1914: poorly equipped to fight a modern war.New combatants in the Balkans and Southern EuropeSlide30
War Around the World
The Ottoman Empire:
a
desirable ally b/c of strategic locationTurks join Central Powers in 1914
Dardanelles: a vital strait connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean
Battle of Gallipoli: Allies send massive force, Turkish troops trap the Allies, Allies withdraw after 20,000 casualties
Turkey fights with Russia (Christian Armenians)Turks hit hard in Middle East – Arab
RevolutSlide31
Battle of the Somme
July 1 – Nov. 18, 1916
One of the costliest battles of WWI
Approximately 1.2 million casualties
420,000 British
200,000 French
500,000 German
Dead German soldiers at Battle of the SommeSlide32
British gainsSlide33
Central Historical Question:
A British trench July 1916 during the Battle of the Somme
Who won the first day of the Battle of the Somme?Slide34
AIM: How did the Allies win World War I?
Do Now:
“Over there, over there, Send the word, send the word over there,
That the Yanks are coming,
The Yanks are coming…
We’ll be over, we’re coming over,And we won’t come back till it’s overOver there.”
-George M. Cohan “Over There” 1917Analyze the lyrics above.Slide35
Waging Total War
Total War
: channeling of a nation’s entire resources into the war effort
Governments began to take a stronger role in directing the economic and cultural lives of their people
Military
conscription
: “the draft”; enacted in all nations by 1916.Economic warfare: wartime blockades were allowed to confiscate contraband (not food/clothing)
Propaganda: the spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing causeWomen join the war as workers, nurses and spiesSlide36
Morale Collapses
War fatigue:
Long casualty lists
Food shortages
Failure of military
So-long Russia!
March 1917: bread riots in St. Petersburg erupted into full blown revolution
Lenin: came to power with a promise to pull Russian troops out of the warTreaty of Brest-Litovsk
: 1918, Russia signs with Germany, ends Russian participation in WWISlide37
The United States Declares War
April 6, 1917, the United States declared war on Germany.
Why?
The United States was under attackLusitania
Zimmerman Telegraph
Democracy was in jeopardy
U.S. economic interests were threatened**U.S. cultural and economic ties to European nations (especially Great Britain)Slide38
Victory at Last
Spring Offensive: March 1918
Final showdown on the Western Front
By July, Germans had pushed Allies back 40 miles
Germans
exhausted American troops arrive by thousands
Allies launch counterattack
Germans know war cannot be won11 a.m. on November 11, 1918
Armistice:
agreement to end fightingSlide39
Aim: What factors influenced the peace treaties that ended World War I, and how did people react to the treaties?
Do Now: Review from last class – How did the Allies win the war? Slide40
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Trouble Spots:
1 Saar/Rhineland
2 South Tyrol
3 Fiume
4 Sudetenland
5 Danzig
6 Memel
7 Curzon Line
8 Smyrna
9 Upper Silesia
9Slide41
I.
Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at.
II.
Absolute freedom of navigation III. The removal of all economic barriers IV. national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety.
V.
A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims,
VI. The evacuation of all Russian territory. VII.
Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored. VIII. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, should be righted.
Fourteen Points (abridged)Slide42
IX
.
A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality.
X. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous development.
XI.
The relations of the several Balkan states to one another [should be] determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality.
XII. The nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships.
XIII. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea.
XIV.
A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.Slide43
What’s the problem with the Fourteen Points?
Fourteen Points
: a list of Wilson’s terms for resolving World War I and future wars
. He called for freedom of the seas, free trade, large-scale reductions of arms, and an end to secret treaties. For east Europe, Wilson favored
self-determination: the right of the people to choose their own form of government.
Finally, Wilson urged the creation of a “
general association of nations” to keep peace in the future.Slide44
The Costs of WarSlide45
The Costs of World War I
Human and material costs of the war were staggering!
Made worse by 1918
pandemicFinancial Toll: everything turned into rubble, high costs of reconstruction = people feel bitter, ask for
reparations
Allies ask Central Powers (shocked, viewed armistice as a cease-fire)
Political Turmoil: under stress of war, governments collapsed in Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire!Political
radicals want to step in vs. conservativesUnrest sweeps through Europe’s colonial empiresSlide46Slide47
The Paris Peace Conference:
19 January to 28 June 1919
The Big Three
Woodrow Wilson (USA)
David Lloyd George (GB)
George Clemenceau (France)
Other Reps:
Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
*Conflicting Goals!*Slide48Slide49
The Paris Peace ConferenceSlide50
The Treaty of Versailles
June 1919: German Republic ordered to sign by Allies
Treaty forces Germany to assume full blame for causing the war
Imposes huge reparationsLimits size of military
Loss of territory (home and abroad)
Germans have
no choice but to sign!Slide51
Outcome of the Peace Settlements
Allies drew up separate treaties with other Central Powers
Self-determination
in Eastern Europe (tons of new nations created!!!)Create
Mandate Systems
in colonies, extends imperial rule (bad for rest of world)**League of Nations: more than 40 nations joining together to negotiate peace rather than to resort to war
U.S. never joins!Slide52
Exit/Wrap Up
Immediate Effects:
Long-Term Effects:Slide53
AIM: How did two revolutions and a civil war bring about Communist control of Russia?
Do Now: What is the perfect
recipe for revolution?Slide54
Recipe for the Russian Revolution
100 years of social unrest
100 years of ruthless treatment of peasants
1 Assassination of Czar Alexander II1 Czar Nicholas with weak leadership
1 defeat in Russo-Japanese War
1 Bloody Sunday
Handful of losses in WWI
**Mix ingredients together and agitate with revolutionaries, and wait for the revolution to rise.
* Don’t Copy!Slide55
Define the words: Socialism, Marxism, Capitalism, and Communism. (Flip back through notes if you’re stuck)
Socialism –
Marxism –
Capitalism –
Communism -Slide56
March Revolution Ends Tsarism
After the Revolution of 1905, Nicholas failed to solve Russia’s basic political, economic, and social problems.
Moderates & Marxists try to ignite change
proletariat
(growing class of factory, railroad, miners & urban wage workers)
Just like every other war, WWI shows Russia they NEED CHANGE
Why? Nicholas goes to battle fronts, Tsarina Alexandra welcomes in RasputinPetrograd – March 1917 – workers strikes, Duma sets up temporary governmentSocialists plot own course: set up soviets (councils of workers & soldiers)Slide57
Lenin and the Bolsheviks
Bolsheviks
, a radical socialist group, took charge with
V.I. Lenin as leader.Brilliant revolutionary: inspired deeply by Karl MarxAdapts Marxist ideas to fit Russian conditions
Overthrow capitalism
Bolsheviks “majority”
ONLY revolution could bring about the changes needed*Germans (seeing a change) help Lenin return home to Russia from exileSlide58
The November Revolution Brings the Bolsheviks to Power
Lenin is joined by
Leon Trotsky
, another Marxist revolutionary“Peace, Land, and Bread.”Provisional government continues to support war effort
Bolshevik takeover
November 1917: squads of Red Guards (armed factory workers) attack provincial governmentLenin’s forces overthrow government without a struggle
End private ownership of land, distribute it to peasants, workers get controlBolsheviks – renamed CommunistsSlide59
Russia Plunges into Civil War
After Bolshevik Revolution, Lenin seeks peace with Germany (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk)
Opposing forces: “Reds” (communists) vs. the “Whites” (tsarist imperial officers, Mensheviks, democrats, etc.)
Allies try to intervene – fed Communist distrust of West (& makes matters worse for “Whites”)
Reds execute the tsar and his family
Communists use terror to control their own people
Cheka: secret police forceSet up forced labor camps
“war communism”Commissars: Communist party officials assigned to the army to teach party principles and ensure party loyaltySlide60
Building the Communist Soviet Union
New government SAME PROBLEMS!
1922 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
Communists produce constitutionIn theory, all members shared certain equal rights
Communists reign supreme
Lenin’s New Economic Policy: realizes “war communism” broke economy, so adopts
NEP (new economic policy).Allows some Capitalist venture
State keeps control of banks, foreign trade, and large industriesStops squeezing peasants for grainStalin Takes OverLenin dies in 1924, struggle for power between Trotsky and Joseph StalinSlide61
Guided Questions
1. What were the causes of the Russian Revolution?
2. What steps did the Communists take to industrialize the
Soviet Union?3. Was the Russian Revolution inevitable?4. Was the Russian Revolution successful5. Were ordinary Russians better or worse off after 1917?Slide62
Exit Slip
Given the right circumstances, could communism work? Does Communism breed nationalism?
PERSONAL THESIS REQUIRED