What is behavior Anything an animal does in response to a stimulus in the environment MIMICRY A structural adaptation that allows one species to look like another A harmless species may resemble a harmful species so ID: 463015
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Slide1
BEHAVIOR OF ORGANISMSSlide2
What is behavior?
Anything an animal does in response to a stimulus in the environmentSlide3
MIMICRY
A
structural adaptation
that allows one species to
look
like another.A harmless species may resemble a harmful species, so predators will ignore them. Slide4
PROTECTIVE COLORATION
Harmful species
resemble
each other in
coloration
and predators learn to avoid. Camouflage allows species to blend in with its surroundings.In each example the organism is more likely to
survive and reproduce
Can you find me?Slide5
Why is parental care important to animals that produce few young?Slide6
PARENTAL BEHAVIOR
Parental care is a behavior in which
adults give
food, protection, and warmth to
eggs or young
. Often a female responsibility but males do helpFewer young, more important parental care to ensure survival.
Fish produce 1000’s of eggs, offer little
parental support,
few survive to reproduce.
Humans, wolves, birds, squirrels produce
few offspring, so offer plenty of parental support to ensure
some survive and reproduceSlide7
FEEDING STRATEGIES
Ant lions catch food by building a pit, and the prey falls in.
Honeybees
: complex feeding behavior, talk to each other indicating food location. “Talk” is the
waggle
dance.
Bee faces direction of food, abdomen wags indicates distance Spiders: build
webs
to personal design
Lions:
huntSlide8
INHERITED BEHAVIOR
An animal’s
genetic
makeup ultimately determines how it reacts to certain stimuli
Behavior pattern is often
the result of natural selectionIndividuals having behavior patterns adapting them better for their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. The offspring will have inherited the basis behavior for success, those that don’t
die.Slide9Slide10
PHOTOTAXIS
Response of animals to
lightSlide11
CHEMOTAXIS
Response of animals to
chemicals
Animals move
towards
chemical is a positive chemotactic responseAnimals moving away from chemicals is a negative chemotactic response.
Helps them find food or move away from
dangerous
chemicals
Ameba moving towards foodSlide12
REFLEXES
Simple,
automatic
response involving no conscious control
Blinking, knee jerk
Withdrawal from hot objectFight-or-flight response (automatic, adrenalin hormone controlled)Adaptive values: protection and survival Slide13
INSTINCTS
A complex pattern of
innate behavior
taking longer to perform
, and may involve several parts and take weeks to complete.
Greylag
goose
retrieval
of
eggYoung’s
survival may depend on the behaviorSlide14
TERRITORIALITY
Territory is the
space
an animal
defends
against another of its species.
Reduces conflicts, controls population growth providing
more efficient
uses of environmental resources
Improves chances of young surviving, and therefore survival of the species.
Animals mark territory with
pheromones or physical displaysPheromones are
chemicals for communicationSlide15
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR
Behavior use to
intimidate
another member of the same species
Done to
defend
young, territory, or resources
Fighting
Bird calling
Teeth baring
Animals of the same species rarely fight to the deathSlide16
SUBMISSION LEADS TO DOMINANCE HIERARCHIES
Social
ranking within group in which some individuals are
subordinate
to others
One dominant
individual other ranked below
Pecking order
for food, water
etc
Chickens, wolvesSlide17
TYPES OF LEARNED BEHAVIORS
Behavior that changes through practice or experience
Has survival value in changing environment because it allows behavior to change to varied conditions.Slide18
HABITUATION
When an animal is
repeatedly given a stimulus
that is not associated with any punishment or reward and eventually
ignores
stimulus.Slide19
IMPRINTING
An animal at a specific critical time of its life
forms a social attachment
to another object
Usually occurs early in life and is
irreversible
.
Ducks, geeseSlide20
CONDITIONING LEARNING BY ASSOCIATION
Learning to
response to a stimulus
that does not use usually produce that response
Pavlov’s dogs Slide21
TRIAL AND ERROR VERUS INSIGHTSlide22
TRIAL AND ERROR
Animal
receives a reward
for making a particular response.
Motivation
an
internal
need causing an animal t o act is a requirement for learning to occur
Mini lab page 900Slide23
INSIGHT
Animals
use previous knowledge
to respond to a new situation
Solving
math problemsSlide24
ANALYZE THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS AND RHYTHMIC BEHAVIOR OF ORGANISMS
Behavior resulting from internal and external cues
Cues may be
hormonal
or
environmental changes such as temperature or length of daySlide25
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS
A
24 hour
cycle of behavior
Instinctive
behavior in response to internal biological rhythms.Humans sleep at night awake during the dayOwls reverse
the pattern they are nocturnal.Pattern continues without external cuesJet lagSlide26
MIGRATION
Behavior in which
animals move
from one place to another in response to
seasonal changes
, therefore an annual rhythm.Animals migrate in search of food, better temperatures, more suitable reproductive areas.Animals use the sun, stars and landforms to help with direction.
Some birds have built in compasses, indicating the direction of the magnetic north pole.Innate and learned behaviorSlide27
Animals that migrate.
Freshwater eels and salmon migrate to their spawning ground
Monarch butterflies and ruby throated hummingbirds fly south for the winter
Caribou migrate north to the tundra for the summerSlide28
HIBERNATION
A state in which the body temperature drops, oxygen use decreases, and breathing rate slows
.
Physiological changes
conserves energy
.Eat large amounts before hibernation to build up body fat for fuel during period.Slide29
ESTIVATION
A state of reduce metabolism when animals live in intense heat
Response to
drought
or
lack of food
Associated with
desert animals
Innate
behavior dependent upon
internal and external cues.Slide30
EVALUATE AND EXPLAIN THE EVOLUTION OF BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATIONS AND SURVIVAL OF POPULATIONSSlide31
COURTSHIP RITUALSSlide32
COURTSHIP RITUALS
Behaviors used by males and females to
attract
another of the
same species
for matingMale frogs and crickets make sounds.Male peacock spreads tailFemale silk moths give off PHEROMONES, carried by the wind, she picks one male from the suitors.Some male spiders bring nuptial gifts to prevent being eaten before matingSlide33
COEVOLUTION
Occurs when
two or more species evolve in response to each other.
Rafflesia
smells of rotting meat attracting flies for pollination
Bahama
woodstar
takes nectar from a Hibiscus flower. It’s long
narrow bill
coevolved with
long
narrow floral tubes
.
Smells great
Here I go!Slide34
PROTECTIVE BEHAVIORS
Alaskan musk oxen live together in a
herd for protection.
Form
a ring
around young when attacked by wolves. Older larger animals fight if necessary.Slide35
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
Social insects:
bees
, termites, and
ants
live in groups dividing the work between them.Bees: Workers: non reproductive females who gather food, clean and protect the queen Drones: males that mate with the female.
Queen: only female in hive that reproduces.Ants and termites also have soldiers to protect to whole colony. (Use pheromones to communicate.)Social insects live together
for protection