Unit 1 Admit Slip 929 What do you think of when you hear the word Egypt Neolithic Revolution Hunting and gathering were replaced by agriculture and domesticating animals as primary means to obtain ID: 701007
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Slide1
Early River Civilizations
Unit 1Slide2
Admit Slip- 9/29
What do you think of when you hear the word Egypt?Slide3
Neolithic Revolution
Hunting
and
gathering
were replaced by agriculture and
domesticating
animals as primary means to obtain
food.
Established
permanent
settlements which resulted in the formation of the world’s first
civilizations.
The first civilizations developed along
river valleys
.
The rich, fertile
soil
of river valleys helped these civilizations thrive.
Civilization can be defined as a community characterized by elements such as a system of
writing
, development of
social classes
, and
cities
.Slide4
Ancient Egypt- Where?
Since most of Egypt is a desert, people settled along the
Nile River
.
The Nile provided water for
drinking
and for
irrigation
of crops (farming).
Yearly
floods
soaked the land and left rich deposits of fertile soil called
silt
.
Egyptians settled along the Nile Valley and used the fertile soil to grow a surplus of
crops
.
The Nile River also served as highway for
trading
goodsSlide5
Nile River Valley
Egypt
:
The
Nile
stretches over 4,100 miles, making it the world’s longest river
Every year in July, rains and melting snow from the mountains of east Africa caused the Nile to rise over its
banks
When the river receded, it left behind a rich deposit of fertile black mud (
silt
)Nile Delta- formed at the mouth of the Nile RiverSlide6
Egyptian Religion
Egyptians were
polytheistic
, with their chief god being
Amon
-Re
, also known as the sun god.
Osiris
was the god of the Nile, who controlled the annual floods that would make the land
fertile
for farming.The Egyptians also believed in a host of other gods who served specific functions.The cornerstone of the Egyptian faith was a belief in life after death.Egyptians prepared their dead for the afterlife through a preservation process known as mummification.Slide7
Mummification
First, they draw out the brains through the nostrils with an iron hook… Then with a sharp stone they make an incision in the side, and take out all the bowels… Then, having filled the belly with pure myrrh, cassia, and other perfumes, they sew it up again; and when they have done this they steep it in
natron
[a mineral salt], leaving it for 70 days… At the end of 70 days, they wash the corpse, and wrap the body in bandages of waxen cloth
.
-
Herodotus
1.) What is the process being described in the passage? 2.) What connection can you make with this process to modern day?Slide8
Mummification Website
http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/mummies/story/main.htmlSlide9
Egyptian Government
The Egyptian ruler was called a
pharaoh
.
Egyptians believed that the pharaoh was both a
god
and a
king
.
When pharaohs died, they were buried in
pyramids, which took enormous planning and organization to built.Mummies were buried with prized possessions for use in the afterlife. Slide10
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YgVlXOyU10ISlide11
Egyptian Society
Egyptian society was divided into
classes
.
The
pharaoh
held the highest position in society.Slide12
Egyptian Contributions
Egyptians made many contributions in both
science
and
art
.
The process of
mummification
helped them learn about the human body, allowing them to diagnose many illnesses and perform surgery.
Egyptians developed a
calendar, similar to the one we use today.Egyptians developed their own system of picture writing called hieroglyphics.Egyptian temples and monuments, as well as pyramids, survived thousands of years.Slide13
Exit Slip
What was mummification and why was this a sacred ritual among the Egyptians?
Name one contribution that the Egyptians developed that we use today.
What was the name of the river in Egypt that people lived by? Why did they choose to
live there?Slide14
Admit Slip 9/18
What do you think the function of this building was?Slide15
Mesopotamia- “Land Between the Rivers”
Mesopotamia
is located northeast of where the Egyptian civilization settled.
Mesopotamia is located in an area known as the
Fertile Crescent
.
This crescent shaped region of fertile farmland is located in between the
Tigris
and
Euphrates
Rivers.Like the Nile, the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers would overflow and enrich the soil with nutrients ideal for farming.The lack of geographic features in the Fertile Crescent allowed frequent
invasions
.
Due to Mesopotamia being open,
cultural diffusion
took place between many cultures.Slide16
Mesopotamia
Tigris and Euphrates River provide fertile land for farming (Fertile Crescent
)
The rivers flooded once a year providing Mesopotamians with ideal soil called
silt
Although the rivers provided fertile soil, the flooding was
unpredictable
and caused much destruction to both crops and villagesSlide17
Mesopotamian Religion
Sumer
The first civilization in Mesopotamia was called
Sumer
.
Sumerians were
polytheistic
, meaning they believed in many gods.
Many of these gods and goddesses were believed to have
human
characteristics.Most of the gods were tied to the forces of nature.The largest building in the civilization were pyramid-like temples called ziggurats.Ziggurats had steps that people could climb to reach the shrine of the civilization’s chief god.
Ancient Sumerians believed it was their duty to make sure that the gods were
happy
.Slide18Slide19
Government and Social Structure
Each civilization located in Mesopotamia (city-state) had their own hereditary ruler, who was seen as the chief
servant
of the gods.
Priests
and
rulers
shared control.
Rulers were expected to
collect taxes
and enforce laws.Social Class:-Distinct social classesSlide20
Economy
Since there were little to no geographic barriers surrounding Mesopotamia, Sumer thrived in
trading
with other civilizations.
Sumerians traded with civilizations as far away as
Egypt
and
India
.Slide21
Contributions
Built the first
wheeled
vehicles
Had
irrigation
systems, dikes, and canals to provide protection from floods as well as water for crops
Sumerians invented early form of wedge-shaped writing called
cuneiform
Cuneiform
was formed by pressing a pen-like instrument into wet clay tabletsSumerians also developed algebra and geometryhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ki8S5I83CccSlide22Slide23
Other Civilizations of the Fertile Crescent
Assyria
Strong
military
civilization that conquered all of
F
ertile Crescent
When the Assyrian empire collapsed, all the people of the Middle East were united by the
Persians
under Darius.
Darius divided his empire into provinces and built roads.BabylonBabylon was ruled by a powerful ruler named Hammurabi.Hammurabi was best known for his set of written laws, known as the Code of Hammurabi.
This was the first major collection of
written
laws in history.
The punishments were
severe
, and often favored the upper class.
“
Eye
for an
Eye
”Slide24
Website
http://www.ushistory.org/civ/4c.aspSlide25
Indus River Valley- Admit Slip
What do you notice about the layout of this particular civilization
?
What does this tell you about this particular civilization?
What connections can you make to modern day?Slide26
Indus River Valley- Geography
Like the civilizations that developed in Egypt and Mesopotamia,
Indian
civilization evolved in a fertile
river valley
India is a
peninsula
, meaning it is surrounded by water on three sides, but is connected to a mainland.
This peninsula is home to many
mountains
, which have limited the India’s contact with other cultures.Winds called monsoons bring rain every summer, which would help the Indus River overflow and enrich the surrounding land. When there was not enough rain, people could not grow
crops
.
When there was too much rain,
rivers rose
and caused deadly floods.Slide27
Indus River Valley- Geography
Framed by the
Indus
and Ganges
Rivers
Worlds tallest mountains to north (
Himalayas
) and large desert to east (
Thar
) helped protect this
civilizationMonsoons, however would bring cycles of extremely wet or dry weather making agriculture a daunting taskSlide28
Indus Society
Two main cities of this civilization were
Harappa
and
Mohenjo-Daro
.
Cities and roads were organized in a
grid-like
pattern.
Cities were
built on platforms to combat monsoonsIndus Civilizations developed sewage systems to transport waste.Civilization was based on a theocracy,- civilization run by religious leaders.Religion
was closely tied to animals and modern Hindu culture
Individuals often prayed for good
harvests
, and moderate
monsoons
Trade
between Afghanistan and PersiaSlide29Slide30
Aryan Invasion
By 1750, the Indus River Valley civilizations began to decline.
A group of nomadic warrior called
Aryans
conquered the area that was once the Indus River Valley.Slide31
Admit Slip
What were some of the advanced developments we discussed in
class about Indus
River Valley Civilization?
Which invention do you believe was the most important? Why do you think this?Slide32
Ancient China
Yellow River
and
Yangtze
River framed the early civilizations of China
The Yellow River would overflow, and create
yellow silt
along its banks (
loess
) ideal for farming
The flooding of the Yellow River was also unpredictable, causing it to be called “China’s sorrow”Slide33Slide34Slide35Slide36Slide37
Government and Social Structure
Dynasties
, or ruling families ruled over ancient China.
The first dynasty was known as the
Shang
Dynasty.
Ancient Chinese government was more similar to the government in the
Indus
River Civilization (small kingdoms), rather that the centralized government run by the pharaoh in
Egypt
.Chinese society had a strict social class structure similar to the other civilizations we have studied thus far.Wealth was determined by how much land you had.A class of noble warriors owned the land.Merchants
and craftspeople earned a living in the middle class.
Most people were
peasants
and lived in small farming villages.Slide38
Religion
The Shang people prayed to
many
gods and nature spirits (
polytheistic
).
The Chinese looked to their dead ancestors to
communicate
with the gods.
It was thought that the ancestors would convince the gods to help the living by offering
sacrifices of food and other objects.Chinese also believed that the universe was held in delicate balance between two forces, the yin and the yang.When these two forces were in balance, peace and prosperity would result.Slide39
Chinese Contributions
One of the most important achievements in China was the
written
language.
The ancient Chinese used a system of writing that included both
pictographs
(drawings of objects) and
ideographs
(drawings of thoughts and ideas).Because the Chinese writing system consisted of tens of thousands of characters, only the
upper
classes had the time to learn to read and write.Slide40Slide41
Oracle Bones used to predict the futureSlide42
Admit Slip
What is a geographic feature?
What are the geographic features discussed in class relating to the river civilizations we studied?
How can geographic features determine where people live?Slide43
Admit Slip
Take 5 minutes to review your geographic locations from yesterday.
Be ready to defend your opinion on what location you would live in if you were choosing to start your own civilization.
What would you rather prefer?........protection or steady food supply?Slide44
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dv-L3PzmHYA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKCKgHVf1jI