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Early River Civilizations Early River Civilizations

Early River Civilizations - PowerPoint Presentation

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Early River Civilizations - PPT Presentation

Unit 1 Admit Slip 929 What do you think of when you hear the word Egypt Neolithic Revolution Hunting and gathering were replaced by agriculture and domesticating animals as primary means to obtain ID: 701007

civilization river civilizations fertile river civilization fertile civilizations nile indus called egyptians valley egyptian gods mesopotamia egypt people developed

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Slide1

Early River Civilizations

Unit 1Slide2

Admit Slip- 9/29

What do you think of when you hear the word Egypt?Slide3

Neolithic Revolution

Hunting

and

gathering

were replaced by agriculture and

domesticating

animals as primary means to obtain

food.

Established

permanent

settlements which resulted in the formation of the world’s first

civilizations.

The first civilizations developed along

river valleys

.

The rich, fertile

soil

of river valleys helped these civilizations thrive.

Civilization can be defined as a community characterized by elements such as a system of

writing

, development of

social classes

, and

cities

.Slide4

Ancient Egypt- Where?

Since most of Egypt is a desert, people settled along the

Nile River

.

The Nile provided water for

drinking

and for

irrigation

of crops (farming).

Yearly

floods

soaked the land and left rich deposits of fertile soil called

silt

.

Egyptians settled along the Nile Valley and used the fertile soil to grow a surplus of

crops

.

The Nile River also served as highway for

trading

goodsSlide5

Nile River Valley

Egypt

:

The

Nile

stretches over 4,100 miles, making it the world’s longest river

Every year in July, rains and melting snow from the mountains of east Africa caused the Nile to rise over its

banks

When the river receded, it left behind a rich deposit of fertile black mud (

silt

)Nile Delta- formed at the mouth of the Nile RiverSlide6

Egyptian Religion

Egyptians were

polytheistic

, with their chief god being

Amon

-Re

, also known as the sun god.

Osiris

was the god of the Nile, who controlled the annual floods that would make the land

fertile

for farming.The Egyptians also believed in a host of other gods who served specific functions.The cornerstone of the Egyptian faith was a belief in life after death.Egyptians prepared their dead for the afterlife through a preservation process known as mummification.Slide7

Mummification

First, they draw out the brains through the nostrils with an iron hook… Then with a sharp stone they make an incision in the side, and take out all the bowels… Then, having filled the belly with pure myrrh, cassia, and other perfumes, they sew it up again; and when they have done this they steep it in

natron

[a mineral salt], leaving it for 70 days… At the end of 70 days, they wash the corpse, and wrap the body in bandages of waxen cloth

.

-

Herodotus

 

1.) What is the process being described in the passage? 2.) What connection can you make with this process to modern day?Slide8

Mummification Website

http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/mummies/story/main.htmlSlide9

Egyptian Government

The Egyptian ruler was called a

pharaoh

.

Egyptians believed that the pharaoh was both a

god

and a

king

.

When pharaohs died, they were buried in

pyramids, which took enormous planning and organization to built.Mummies were buried with prized possessions for use in the afterlife. Slide10

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YgVlXOyU10ISlide11

Egyptian Society

Egyptian society was divided into

classes

.

The

pharaoh

held the highest position in society.Slide12

Egyptian Contributions

Egyptians made many contributions in both

science

and

art

.

The process of

mummification

helped them learn about the human body, allowing them to diagnose many illnesses and perform surgery.

Egyptians developed a

calendar, similar to the one we use today.Egyptians developed their own system of picture writing called hieroglyphics.Egyptian temples and monuments, as well as pyramids, survived thousands of years.Slide13

Exit Slip

What was mummification and why was this a sacred ritual among the Egyptians?

Name one contribution that the Egyptians developed that we use today.

What was the name of the river in Egypt that people lived by? Why did they choose to

live there?Slide14

Admit Slip 9/18

What do you think the function of this building was?Slide15

Mesopotamia- “Land Between the Rivers”

Mesopotamia

is located northeast of where the Egyptian civilization settled.

Mesopotamia is located in an area known as the

Fertile Crescent

.

This crescent shaped region of fertile farmland is located in between the

Tigris

and

Euphrates

Rivers.Like the Nile, the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers would overflow and enrich the soil with nutrients ideal for farming.The lack of geographic features in the Fertile Crescent allowed frequent

invasions

.

Due to Mesopotamia being open,

cultural diffusion

took place between many cultures.Slide16

Mesopotamia

Tigris and Euphrates River provide fertile land for farming (Fertile Crescent

)

The rivers flooded once a year providing Mesopotamians with ideal soil called

silt

Although the rivers provided fertile soil, the flooding was

unpredictable

and caused much destruction to both crops and villagesSlide17

Mesopotamian Religion

Sumer

The first civilization in Mesopotamia was called

Sumer

.

Sumerians were

polytheistic

, meaning they believed in many gods.

Many of these gods and goddesses were believed to have

human

characteristics.Most of the gods were tied to the forces of nature.The largest building in the civilization were pyramid-like temples called ziggurats.Ziggurats had steps that people could climb to reach the shrine of the civilization’s chief god.

Ancient Sumerians believed it was their duty to make sure that the gods were

happy

.Slide18
Slide19

Government and Social Structure

Each civilization located in Mesopotamia (city-state) had their own hereditary ruler, who was seen as the chief

servant

of the gods.

Priests

and

rulers

shared control.

Rulers were expected to

collect taxes

and enforce laws.Social Class:-Distinct social classesSlide20

Economy

Since there were little to no geographic barriers surrounding Mesopotamia, Sumer thrived in

trading

with other civilizations.

Sumerians traded with civilizations as far away as

Egypt

and

India

.Slide21

Contributions

Built the first

wheeled

vehicles

Had

irrigation

systems, dikes, and canals to provide protection from floods as well as water for crops

Sumerians invented early form of wedge-shaped writing called

cuneiform

Cuneiform

was formed by pressing a pen-like instrument into wet clay tabletsSumerians also developed algebra and geometryhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ki8S5I83CccSlide22
Slide23

Other Civilizations of the Fertile Crescent

Assyria

Strong

military

civilization that conquered all of

F

ertile Crescent

When the Assyrian empire collapsed, all the people of the Middle East were united by the

Persians

under Darius.

Darius divided his empire into provinces and built roads.BabylonBabylon was ruled by a powerful ruler named Hammurabi.Hammurabi was best known for his set of written laws, known as the Code of Hammurabi.

This was the first major collection of

written

laws in history.

The punishments were

severe

, and often favored the upper class.

Eye

for an

Eye

”Slide24

Website

http://www.ushistory.org/civ/4c.aspSlide25

Indus River Valley- Admit Slip

What do you notice about the layout of this particular civilization

?

What does this tell you about this particular civilization?

What connections can you make to modern day?Slide26

Indus River Valley- Geography

Like the civilizations that developed in Egypt and Mesopotamia,

Indian

civilization evolved in a fertile

river valley

India is a

peninsula

, meaning it is surrounded by water on three sides, but is connected to a mainland.

This peninsula is home to many

mountains

, which have limited the India’s contact with other cultures.Winds called monsoons bring rain every summer, which would help the Indus River overflow and enrich the surrounding land. When there was not enough rain, people could not grow

crops

.

When there was too much rain,

rivers rose

and caused deadly floods.Slide27

Indus River Valley- Geography

Framed by the

Indus

and Ganges

Rivers

Worlds tallest mountains to north (

Himalayas

) and large desert to east (

Thar

) helped protect this

civilizationMonsoons, however would bring cycles of extremely wet or dry weather making agriculture a daunting taskSlide28

Indus Society

Two main cities of this civilization were

Harappa

and

Mohenjo-Daro

.

Cities and roads were organized in a

grid-like

pattern.

Cities were

built on platforms to combat monsoonsIndus Civilizations developed sewage systems to transport waste.Civilization was based on a theocracy,- civilization run by religious leaders.Religion

was closely tied to animals and modern Hindu culture

Individuals often prayed for good

harvests

, and moderate

monsoons

Trade

between Afghanistan and PersiaSlide29
Slide30

Aryan Invasion

By 1750, the Indus River Valley civilizations began to decline.

A group of nomadic warrior called

Aryans

conquered the area that was once the Indus River Valley.Slide31

Admit Slip

What were some of the advanced developments we discussed in

class about Indus

River Valley Civilization?

Which invention do you believe was the most important? Why do you think this?Slide32

Ancient China

Yellow River

and

Yangtze

River framed the early civilizations of China

The Yellow River would overflow, and create

yellow silt

along its banks (

loess

) ideal for farming

The flooding of the Yellow River was also unpredictable, causing it to be called “China’s sorrow”Slide33
Slide34
Slide35
Slide36
Slide37

Government and Social Structure

Dynasties

, or ruling families ruled over ancient China.

The first dynasty was known as the

Shang

Dynasty.

Ancient Chinese government was more similar to the government in the

Indus

River Civilization (small kingdoms), rather that the centralized government run by the pharaoh in

Egypt

.Chinese society had a strict social class structure similar to the other civilizations we have studied thus far.Wealth was determined by how much land you had.A class of noble warriors owned the land.Merchants

and craftspeople earned a living in the middle class.

Most people were

peasants

and lived in small farming villages.Slide38

Religion

The Shang people prayed to

many

gods and nature spirits (

polytheistic

).

The Chinese looked to their dead ancestors to

communicate

with the gods.

It was thought that the ancestors would convince the gods to help the living by offering

sacrifices of food and other objects.Chinese also believed that the universe was held in delicate balance between two forces, the yin and the yang.When these two forces were in balance, peace and prosperity would result.Slide39

Chinese Contributions

One of the most important achievements in China was the

written

language.

The ancient Chinese used a system of writing that included both

pictographs

(drawings of objects) and

ideographs

(drawings of thoughts and ideas).Because the Chinese writing system consisted of tens of thousands of characters, only the

upper

classes had the time to learn to read and write.Slide40
Slide41

Oracle Bones used to predict the futureSlide42

Admit Slip

What is a geographic feature?

What are the geographic features discussed in class relating to the river civilizations we studied?

How can geographic features determine where people live?Slide43

Admit Slip

Take 5 minutes to review your geographic locations from yesterday.

Be ready to defend your opinion on what location you would live in if you were choosing to start your own civilization.

What would you rather prefer?........protection or steady food supply?Slide44

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dv-L3PzmHYA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKCKgHVf1jI