Memory You are what you remember! - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

MemorySlide2

You are what you remember!

(or at least what people take pictures of!)Slide3

The Memory Process

#1 Encoding

#2 Storage

#3 RetrievalSlide4

Step 1- Encoding

Getting information into the system

Like listening to your teacher ‘s boring lecture

Like getting someone’s name at a partySlide5

Step 2- Storage

The retention of information over time

Like rehearsing or studying the information

Trying to remember his/her name when you leave the partySlide6

Step 3- Retrieval

Getting the information out of storage

Remembering the answer to the question on the test

Calling out, “D

rake

!” when you see him the next daySlide7

Memory’s ExtremesSlide8

Recall v. Recognition

With

recall

- you must retrieve the information from your memory (fill-in-the blank tests).

With

recognition

- you must identify the target from possible targets (multiple-choice tests).

Which is easier?Slide9

Flashbulb Memory

A clear moment of an emotionally significant moment or event.

Where were you when?

1. You heard about 9/11

2.

Michael Jackson died

3.

Obama/Trump was electedSlide10

The 3 stage Process of MemorySlide11

Sensory Memory

The immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system.

This stuff is stored just for an instant-- most goes unprocessed

.

Examples:

You lose concentration in class during a lecture… Suddenly you hear a significant word and return your focus to the lecture. You should be able to remember what was said just before the key word since it is in your sensory register.

If

someone is reading to you, you must be able to remember the words at the beginning of a sentence in order to understand the sentence as a whole. These words are held in a relatively unprocessed sensory memory. Slide12

Short-Term Memory

Memory that holds a few items briefly.

Seven digits (plus or minus two).

The info will be stored into long-term or forgotten.Slide13

Long-Term Memory

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.Slide14

#1 Encoding

Getting information in our heads!

How are we gonna get all of this AP Psych stuff in our heads?Slide15

2 ways to Encode information

Automatic Processing

– takes little effort

Effortful Processing

– takes a bit of focus and effortSlide16

Automatic Processing

Unconscious encoding of incidental information that may become automatic with practice.

We encode space, time & word meaning without effort.

Like how you know where you’re friends will be after your 2AB classSlide17

Effortful Processing

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Rehearsal is the most common effortful processing technique.

Like anything that takes effort to remember…Slide18

Let’s Stand up in a circle…Slide19

Things to remember about

Encoding

Next-In-Line Effect

: we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next.

Information minutes before sleep is seldom remembered; in the hour before sleep, well remembered.

Taped info played while asleep is registered by ears, but we do not remember it.Slide20

Spacing Effect

We encode better when we study or practice over periods of time.

DO NOT CRAM!!!!!Slide21

List the U.S. Presidents, please…Slide22

The Presidents

Washington

Taylor

Harrison

Eisenhower

J.Adams

Fillmore

Cleveland

Kennedy

Jefferson

Pierce

McKinley

L. Johnson

Madison

Buchanan

T. Roosevelt

Nixon

Monroe

Lincoln

Taft

Ford

JQ Adams

A. Johnson

Wilson

Carter

Jackson

Grant

Harding

Reagan

Van Buren

Hayes

Coolidge

Bush

Harrison

Garfield

Hoover

Clinton

Tyler

Arthur

F.D. Roosevelt

Bush Jr.

Polk

Cleveland

Truman

ObamaSlide23

Serial Positioning Effect

Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.

If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this.Slide24

Be Sure to read about Ebbinghaus

He studied memory the memorization of useless nonsense syllables

The amount remembered depends on the time spent learning…

Those who learn quickly also forget quickly!Slide25

Ebbinghaus– let’s try!

JIH

BAZ

FUB

YOX

SUJ

XIR

DAX

LEQ

VUM

PID

KEL

WAV

TUV

ZOF

GEK

HIWSlide26

How much do we encode?

Sometimes it helps if someone paraphrases or introduces things you are about to read.

Any novel is easier to read when you know a little background on the story.Slide27

Types of Encoding

Semantic Encoding

: the encoding of

meaning

, like the meaning of words

Acoustic Encoding

: the encoding of

sound,

especially the sounds of words.

Visual Encoding

: the encoding of

picture images

.Slide28

Listen to this story…Slide29

If the glove doesn’t fit you must…Slide30

Self-Reference Effect

We remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves.

So, when studying… try to relate things to yourself.Slide31
Slide32

Tricks to Encode

Use imagery: mental pictures

Mnemonic Devices

“Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No Plums”-- is this even still relevant?

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto

Give me some more examples….Slide33

ImagerySlide34
Slide35

Chunking

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.

Often it will occur automatically.

Do these numbers mean anything to you?

1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1Slide36

Chunking

1492

1776

1812

1941

How about now?Slide37

Shallow Processing

Type of verbal processingEncodes on a very basic level, such as a word’s letter, and at a more intermediate level, a word’s soundEX: Spelling BeeSlide38

Deep Processing

Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the wordYields the best retentionEX: Learning words of Psych Vocab quizzesSlide39

#2 Storage

How we retain what we’ve learned!!!!

You better do some serious studying if you’re gonna remember all of this AP Psych stuff!

Or have good mnemonic devices!Slide40

Review the 3 stage process of memorySlide41

Storage and Short-Term Memory

Lasts usually between 3 to 12 seconds.

Can store 7 (plus or minus two) chunks of information.

We recall digits better than letters.Slide42

Iconic Memory

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a secondSlide43

Study this screen for 20 secondsSlide44

Answer these questions

What tool was the little boy at the bottom holding?

What kind of food is being served?

In the lower right-hand corner, does the woman’s umbrella handle hook to the left or the right?

Were there animals in the picture– if so, which kind?

Want another look at the picture?Slide45

Study this screen for 20 secondsSlide46

Iconic Memory…

7 1 V F

X L 5 3

B 4 W 7Slide47

Iconic Memory…

7 1 V F

X L 5 3

B 4 W 7

Now, tell me the characters in the ___ row.Slide48

Iconic Memory…

2 7 D N

M K 4 6

Y 4 A 9Slide49

Iconic Memory…

2 7 D N

M K 4 6

Y 4 A 9

Now, tell me the characters in the ___ row.Slide50

Isn’t that photographic memory?

No!!!!

Photographic memory is Eidetic memory

Researchers estimate that about 8% of preadolescent children are eidetickers, but virtually no adults.

No satisfactory theory has been proposed for why eidetic imagery fades over time.Slide51
Slide52

Focus and remember

8 1 7 3 4 9 4 2 8 5

After 10 seconds… write them downSlide53

Focus and Remember

J M R S O F L P T Z B

After 10 seconds, write them downSlide54

Echoic Memory

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.Slide55

Now listen to this sequences of numbers…

Write them down…Slide56

Now listen to this sequence of letters

Write them downSlide57

Read these sentences aloud

He had patronized her when she was a schoolgirl and teased her when she was a student.

He had an elongated skull which sat on his shoulders like a pear on a dish.

The taxi turned up Michigan Avenue where they had a clear view of the lake.

When at last his eyes opened, there was no gleam of triumph, no shade of anger.Slide58

What were the last words of each sentence?Slide59

How does our brain store long-term memories?

Memories do NOT reside in single specific spots of our brain.

They are not electrical (if the electrical activity were to shut down in your brain, then restart- you would NOT start with a blank slate).Slide60

Stress and Memory

Stress can lead to the release of hormones that have been shown to assist in long term memory.

Why?

Similar to the idea of Flashbulb Memory.Slide61

Everyday Stress and MemorySlide62

Types of Long Term MemorySlide63

Declarative Memory (Explicit)

The recollection of facts and events

1492 Columbus …

Gutenberg developed the …

Henry VIII had …wivesSlide64

Procedural Memory

The way you remember how to get things done.

How to drive

Unlocking your phone- you don’t think about the number combination until someone asks for your password

Because we do this so often, we produce it as one unit– a swift sequence of actions.

The process is called

knowledge compilation

.

The more you practice, the longer the sequence you can carry out.Slide65

The Hippocampus

Damage to the hippocampus disrupts our memory.

Left = Verbal

Right = Visual and Spatial Locations

The hippocampus is the like the librarian for the library which is our brain.Slide66

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

The strengthening of the connection between two nerve cells which lasts for an extended period of time

So, if you are trying to remember a phone number, the neurons are firing neurotransmitter through the synapse.

The neuron gets used to firing in that pattern and essentially learns to fire in that distinct way. It is a form of rehearsal (but for our neurons).Slide67

#3 Retrieval

Getting information back out of our heads!!!!

How are we gonna get all of this AP Psych stuff back out for the AP Exam?Slide68

Recall versus Recognition

I probably cannot recall the Smurfs, but can I recognize them?

Lazy Smurf or Lethargic Smurf

Papa Smurf or Daddy Smurf

Handy Smurf or Practical Smurf

Brainy Smurf or Intellectual Smurf

Clumsy Smurf or Inept SmurfSlide69

Retrieval Cues

Things that help us remember.

We often use a process called

priming

(the activation of associations in our memory) to help us retrieve information

.Slide70

Relearning

Learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later in timeEX: studying for a final exam Slide71

PRIMING EFFECT

Priming effect occurs when people respond faster or better to an item if a similar item preceded it.

The priming effect is considered involuntary and is most likely an unconscious phenomenon. Slide72

Repetition Priming

Repetition priming refers to the fact that it is easier (quicker) to recognize a face or word if you have recently seen that same face or word.

Anyone know who the leading actress was in the movie Mamma Mia?Slide73

Semantic Priming

Semantic priming refers to the fact that it is easier (quicker) to recognize someone or word if you have just seen someone or a word closely associated.

Say “silk” 10 times fast

What do cows drink?

Say “toast” 10 times fast

What goes in a toaster?Slide74

Context Effects

It helps to put yourself back in the same context you experienced (encoded) something.

If you study on your favorite chair at home, you will probably score higher if you also took the test on the chair.Slide75

Déjà Vu

Translates into “already seen”

That eerie sense that you have experienced something before.

What is occurring is that the current situation cues past experiences that are very similar to the present one- your mind gets confused.Slide76

Mood-Congruent Memory

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.

If you are depressed, you will more likely recall sad memories from you past.

Moods also effect that way you interpret other

people's

behavior

EX: listening to your Feels playlist after a breakupSlide77

ForgettingSlide78

Encoding Failure

We fail to encode the information.

It never has a chance to enter our Long Term Memory.Slide79

Test Your MemorySlide80

Storage Decay

Even if we encode something well, we can forget it.

Without rehearsal, we forget thing over time.

Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve.Slide81

Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting CurveSlide82

Retrieval Failure

The memory was encoded and stored, but sometimes you just cannot access the memory.Slide83

Retrieval Failure-

Proactive Interference

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

Can’t remember the new– only the old (like the old Pro’s number)Slide84

Retrieval Failure-

Retroactive Interference

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.

When you finally remember this years locker combination, you forget last years.Slide85

Motivated Forgetting

We sometimes revise our own histories.

Like how much money we lost gamblingSlide86

Motivated Forgetting

Why does is exist?

One explanation is REPRESSION:

the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories from consciousness.Slide87

ForgettingSlide88

Memory Construction

We sometimes

alter our memories

as we encode or retrieve them.

Your expectations, schemas, environment may alter your memories.

You had a great high school career, but your failure in college alters your memory that you were a bad high school student as well.Slide89

Misinformation Effect

Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event.Slide90

Misinformation Effect

About how fast were the cars going when they

smashed

into each other?Slide91

The fiction of memorySlide92

Clive

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about or imagined.Slide93

Anterograde Amnesia

Inability to form new memoriesEX: Man can recall his past but can’t form new memoriesRetrograde Amnesia

Inability to retrieve info from one’s past

EX: Woman creates new memories but can’t recall past