Period 1: c. 1450 to c. 1648 - PowerPoint Presentation

Period 1: c. 1450 to c. 1648 KEY CONCEPT 1.2 The struggle for sovereignty within and among states resulted in varying degrees of political centralization. Social Hierarchies 393-397 Politics and the State 397-403 Spread of Protestant Ideas 422-428 17th Century Crisis and Rebuilding 480-486 Absolutism in France and Spain 486-494 Absolutism in France and Spain 486-494 Alternatives to Absolutism in England and the Dutch Republic 506-513

KEY CONCEPT 1.2 Three trends shaped early modern political development: (1) from decentralized power and authority toward centralization; (2) from a political elite consisting primarily of a hereditary landed nobility toward one open to men distinguished by their education, skills, and wealth; and (3) from religious toward secular norms of law and justice.One innovation promoting state centralization and the transformation of the landed nobility was the new dominance of firearms and artillery on the battlefield. The introduction of these new technologies, along with changes in tactics and strategy, amounted to a military revolution that reduced the role of mounted knights and castles, raised the cost of maintaining military power beyond the means of individual lords, and led to professionalization of the military on land and sea under the authority of the sovereign. This military revolution favored rulers who could command the resources required for building increasingly complex fortifications and fielding disciplined infantry and artillery units. Monarchs who could increase taxes and create bureaucracies to collect and spend them on their military outmaneuvered those who could not. In general, monarchs gained power vis-à-vis the corporate groups and institutions that had thrived during the medieval period, notably the landed nobility and the clergy. Commercial and professional groups, such as merchants, lawyers, and other educated and talented persons, acquired increasing power in the state — often in alliance with the monarchs — alongside or in place of these traditional corporate groups. New legal and political theories, embodied in the codification of law, strengthened state institutions, which increasingly took control of the social and economic order from traditional religious and local bodies. However, these developments were not universal. In eastern and southern Europe, the traditional elites maintained their positions in many polities. The centralization of power within polities took place within and facilitated a new diplomatic framework among states. Ideals of a universal Christian empire declined along with the power and prestige of the Holy Roman Empire, which was unable to overcome the challenges of political localism and religious pluralism. By the end of the Thirty Years’ War, a new state system had emerged based on sovereign nation-states and the balance of power.

I . The new concept of the sovereign state and secular systems of law played a central role in the creation of new political institutions. [PP-6 | OS-3 | OS-9 | SP-1 | SP-2 | SP-3 | IS-2] Social Hierarchies 393-397 Politics and the State 397-403

Social Hierarchies 393-397 1.2 . I PP-6 Analyze how commercial and professional groups gained in power through the growth of cities and changes in the social structure, most notably a shift from a landed to a commercial elite. 1.2. I IS-2 Explain how the rise of commercial and professional groups challenged the dominance traditional estates.

Social Hierarchies 393-397 C. Across Europe, commercial and professional groups gained in power and played a greater role in political affairs. How does new wealth blur the lines between “classes”? w Merchants and financiers in Renaissance Italy and northern Europe

Politics and the State 397-403 1.2 . I SP-2 Explain the emergence of and theories behind the New Monarchies and evaluate the degree to which they were able to centralize power in their states.

Politics and the State 397-403 A. New Monarchies laid the foundation for the centralized modern state by establishing a monopoly on tax collection, military force, and the dispensing of justice, and gaining the right to determine the religion of their subjects. w Jean Bodin

Politics and the State 397-403 w Concordat of Bologna (1516) Francis I

Politics and the State 397-403 w Star Chamber Henry VII

Politics and the State 397-403 w Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain consolidating control of the military

Politics and the State 397-403 Ferdinand and Isabella

Politics and the State 397-403 How does marriage set Spain up for its Golden Age? Charles V (Charles I)

1.2 . I OS-9 Explain the extent to which the new concept of sovereign state and secular systems of law adhered to or diverged from tradition. 1.2. I SP-3 Trace the changing relationship between ecclesiastical authority and state control over religion. Spread of Protestant Ideas 422-428

Spread of Protestant Ideas 422-428 A. New Monarchies laid the foundation for the centralized modern state by gaining the right to determine the religion of their subjects. Henry VIII

Spread of Protestant Ideas 422-428 B . Monarchs and princes, such as the English rulers Henry VIII and Elizabeth I, initiated religious reform from the top down (magisterial) in an effort to exercise greater control over religious life and morality. w Book of Common Prayer

Spread of Protestant Ideas 422-428 w Nobles in Poland C . Religious conflicts became a basis for challenging the monarchs’ control of religious institutions.

The new concept of the sovereign state and secular systems of law played a central role in the creation of new political institutions. [PP-6 | OS-3 | OS-9 | SP-1 | SP-2 | SP-3 | IS-2]17th Century Crisis and Rebuilding 480-486

17th Century Crisis and Rebuilding 480-486 1.2. I SP-1 Explain the emergence of civic humanism and the new conception of the growth of sovereign nation-state .1.2. I OS-9 Explain the extent to which the new concept of sovereign state and secular systems of law adhered to or diverged from tradition.1.2 . II SP-13 Evaluate how the early modern military revolution changed the scale and cost of warfare, required the centralization of power, and shifted the balance of power.

17th Century Crisis and Rebuilding 480-486 A. New Monarchies laid the foundation for the centralized modern state by establishing a monopoly on tax collection, military force, and the dispensing of justice, and gaining the right to determine the religion of their subjects.

17th Century Crisis and Rebuilding 480-486 B. Advances in military technology (i.e., the military revolution) led to new forms of warfare, including greater reliance on infantry, firearms, mobile cannon, and more elaborate fortifications, all financed by heavier taxation and requiring a larger bureaucracy. Technology, tactics, and strategies tipped the balance of power toward states able to marshal sufficient resources for the new military environment. TO THE BATTLEFIELD

17th Century Crisis and Rebuilding 480-486 C. Secular political theories, such as those espoused in Machiavelli’s The Prince, provided a new concept of the state. w Hugo Grotius

Absolutism in France and Spain 486-494 III. The competition for power between monarchs and corporate groups produced different distributions of governmental authority in European states. [SP-2 | SP-7 | SP-11]

Absolutism in France and Spain 486-494 1.2. III SP-2 Explain the emergence of and theories behind absolutist monarchies and evaluate the degree to which they were able to centralize power in their states.

Absolutism in France and Spain 486-494 A. Monarchies seeking enhanced power faced challenges from nobles who wished to retain traditional forms of shared governance and regional autonomy. Henry IV

Absolutism in France and Spain 486-494 w Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu

Absolutism in France and Spain 486-494 w The Fronde in France Mazarin

Absolutism in France and Spain 486-494 What were the reasons for the decline of Spanish power? w Phillip III W Phillip IV w The Catalan Revolts in Spain Duke of Lerma Duke of Olivares

Alternatives to Absolutism in England and the Dutch Republic 506-513 1.2. III SP-7 Explain the emergence of limited representative government as an alternative to absolutism. 1.2 III SP-11 Analyze how nobles during the English Civil War attempted to limit monarchical power by articulating theories of resistance to absolutism and by taking political action.

Alternatives to Absolutism in England and the Dutch Republic 506-513 A. Across Europe, commercial and professional groups gained in power and played a greater role in political affairs.w Gentry in England

Alternatives to Absolutism in England and the Dutch Republic 506-513 B. Religious conflicts became a basis for challenging the monarchs’ control of religious institutions.w Puritans w James I

Alternatives to Absolutism in England and the Dutch Republic 506-513 w Charles I Archbishop Laud

Alternatives to Absolutism in England and the Dutch Republic 506-513 A. The English Civil War, a conflict between the monarchy, Parliament, and other elites over their respective roles in the political structure, exemplified this competition. w Charles I

Alternatives to Absolutism in England and the Dutch Republic 506-513

Alternatives to Absolutism in England and the Dutch Republic 506-513 w Oliver Cromwell

Alternatives to Absolutism in England and the Dutch Republic 506-513 Why was Oliver Cromwell an "absolute monarch"? w Gerolamo Cardano w Johannes Kepler w Sir Isaac Newton w Gerolamo Cardano w Johannes Kepler w Sir Isaac Newton

Which two treaties were intended to end hostilities in the 1550’s? 17th Century Crisis and Rebuilding 480-486

17th Century Crisis and Rebuilding 480-486 II. The competitive state system led to new patterns of diplomacy and new forms of warfare. [OS-3 | SP-13 | SP-15]

17th Century Crisis and Rebuilding 480-486 1.2. I SP-3 Trace the changing relationship between ecclesiastical authority and state control over religion. 1.2. I OS-3 Explain how new political systems and secular systems of law altered the role of the church in political and intellectual life and the response of religious authorities and intellectuals to such challenges. 1.2. II SP-15 Assess the impact of the Peace of Westphalia and balance of power on European diplomacy until 1789.1.2. II OS-3 Explain how political revolution and war from the 17th century on altered the concept of the balance of power.

17th Century Crisis and Rebuilding 480-486 What were the causes, phases, and results of the Thirty Year's War?

17th Century Crisis and Rebuilding 480-486 w Gustavus Adolphus w France, Sweden, and Denmark in the Thirty Years’ WarA. States exploited religious conflicts to promote political and economic interests.

17th Century Crisis and Rebuilding 480-486 w France Richelieu

17th Century Crisis and Rebuilding 480-486 A. The Peace of Westphalia (1648), which marked the effective end of the medieval ideal of universal Christendom, accelerated the decline of the Holy Roman Empire by granting princes, bishops, and other local leaders control over religion.

17th Century Crisis and Rebuilding 480-486 B. Following the Peace of Westphalia, religion no longer was a cause for warfare among European states; instead, the concept of the balance of power played an important role in structuring diplomatic and military objectives.

17th Century Crisis and Rebuilding 480-486