What does this cartoon say about what the hopes for the League of Nations were Be specific by referring directly to the cartoon Real examples from the league of nations Can YOU Resolve International Disputes ID: 799844
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Slide1
Hopes for the League of Nations
What does this cartoon say about what the hopes for the League of Nations were? Be specific by referring directly to the cartoon.
Slide2Real examples from the league of nations
Can YOU Resolve International Disputes?
Slide3CASE ONE
The Aaland Islands (1921)
Slide4The Aaland Islands (1921)
Islands located between Sweden and FinlandFinland possessed the islands but most people wanted to be governed by Sweden
Neither could come up with a decision that pleased both sides so they asked the League of Nations to intervene
Slide5The Aaland Islands (1921)
Do you:
Give the Island to Sweden since most people wanted to join that country
Do nothing and let Finland and Sweden settle the issue on their own
Let Finland keep the islands, but ensure that no weapons are ever placed there
Slide6The Aaland Islands (1921)
Answer:
c) Let Finland keep the islands, but ensure that no weapons are ever placed there
Both sides accepted the decision and this remains enforce to the present day
Slide7CASE TWO
Teschen
(1919)
Slide8Teschen (1919)
Teschen
was a small town between Poland and Czechoslovakia.
Its main importance was that it had valuable coal mines there which both the Poles and the Czechs wanted to make their newly formed economies strong.
January 1919: Polish and
Czech troops fight in the
streets of
Teschen
.
Many died.
Slide9Teschen (1919)
Do you:
Split the town so both the Czechs and the Poles have access to the coal
Place the town under the protection of the League of Nations to administer the coal as it seems fit
Support the Poles by sending them reinforcements; after all,
Teschen
was part of Poland
Slide10Teschen (1919)
Answer:
Split the town so both the Czechs and the Poles have access to the coal
The League decided that the bulk of the town should go to Poland while Czechoslovakia should have one of
Teschen’s
suburbs. This suburb contained the most valuable coal mines and the Poles refused to accept this decision. Though no more wholesale violence took place, the two countries continued to argue over the issue for the next twenty years.
Slide11CASE THREE
Upper Silesia (1921)
Slide12Upper Silesia (1921)
The treaty that ended WWI gave the people of the region the right to a referendum in order to determine whether they wished to be part of Poland or Germany
In the vote 700,000 voted to join Germany and 500,000 opted for Poland
The close results sparked violent protests
The League was asked to settle the dispute
Slide13Upper Silesia (1921)
Do you:
Respect the results and hand over the territory to Germany
Split the province in two parts, handing one to Germany and another to Poland
Decide to administer the region as a protectorate of the League of Nations for 2 years until another vote is held
Slide14Upper Silesia (1921)
Answer:
b) Split the province in two parts, handing one to Germany and another to Poland
Both groups within the province and both countries involved accepted the ruling
Slide15CASE FOUR
Memel
, Lithuania (1923)
Slide16Memel (1923)
Memel was an area and port in Lithuania that was to be administered by the League of Nations after WWIMost people living there were Lithuanians and resented the fact that a French general was in charge of their territory
Lithuanians invaded the port and the League had to step in
Slide17Memel (1923)
Do you:
Send in forces to squash the rebels and reinforce the League’s control over the region
Return the area of Memel to Lithuania, but keep the port as an International Zone
Cede the port and all of the Memel region to Lithuania to satisfy the desire of the population
Slide18Memel (1923)
Answer:
Return the area of Memel to Lithuania, but keep the port as an International Zone
Lithuania accepted the decision, however how could the response of the League be viewed as a failure?
Slide19CASE FIVE
Greece & Bulgaria (1925)
Slide20Greece & Bulgaria (1925)
Bulgaria and Greece shared a borderIn 1925, sentries patrolling this border fired on one another and a Greek soldier was killed. The Greek army invaded Bulgaria as a result.
Slide21Greece & Bulgaria (1925)
Do you:
Tell Greece to leave and promise Bulgaria that Greece will be punished by the League for the invasion
Send in forces to help Bulgaria defeat the Greeks
Support Greece by reprimanding Bulgaria and demanding that Bulgaria issue a public apology for the shooting
Slide22Greece & Bulgaria (1925)
Answer:
Tell Greece to leave and promise Bulgaria that Greece will be punished by the League for the invasion
The Bulgarians asked the League for help and the League ordered both armies to stop fighting and that the Greeks should pull out of Bulgaria. The League then sent experts to the area and decided that Greece was to blame and fined her £45,000. Both nations accepted the decision.
Slide23CASE SIX
Invasion of the Ruhr (1923)
Slide24Invasion of the Ruhr (1923)
Germany failed to make a payment on war damages owed to Allies because they simply did not have the money.France and Belgium didn’t believe Germany and claimed it needed to be taught a lesson.
They invaded the Ruhr area, Germany’s
most important industrial region.
Slide25Invasion of the Ruhr (1923)
Do you:
Diplomatically negotiate a new payment schedule between Germany and Belgium and France
Send troops to Germany to forcefully remove Belgium and France
Support Belgium and France because they are important League members
Slide26Invasion of the Ruhr (1923)
Answer:
Support Belgium and France because they are important League members
Within Europe, France was seen as a senior League member – like Britain . Here were two League members clearly breaking League rules. For the League to enforce its rules, it needed the support of its major backers in Europe, particularly Britain and France. Few countries criticised what France and Belgium did.
How do you think these actions were viewed internationally?
Slide27CASE SEVEN
Corfu (1923)
Slide28Corfu (1923)
5 Italian surveyors, working for the League of Nations to map the unclear border between Albania and Greece, were killed on the Greek side of the border.
Mussolini
, the Italian dictator, demanded compensation from Greece.
When Greece refused,
Mussolini bombarded and
occupied Greek island of
Corfu.
Slide29Corfu (1923)
Do you:
Support Italy by forcing Greece to pay the compensation demanded
Place economic sanctions on Italy to persuade it to leave Greece alone
Invite both sides to a conference in Switzerland to negotiate a peaceful solution
Slide30Invasion of the Ruhr (1923)
Answer:
Support Italy by forcing Greece to pay the compensation demanded
Even though the League wanted to condemn Mussolini’s aggressive actions, France and Britain did not want to upset the new Italian dictator. Therefore, they put pressure on Greeks to accept Mussolini’s demands. Mussolini only withdrew his forces once the Greeks had apologised and paid.
Slide31CASE EIGHT
Manchurian Crisis (1931-1933)
Slide32Manchurian Crisis (1931-1933)
Japan invaded Manchuria, which was part of China, to expand its living space and to get more resources.
Japan already claimed special interests in the area because Japan ran the South Manchuria Railway and controlled some cities along its route.
Japan blew up a section of the Rail-
way and accused China of being
responsible for the sabotage.
China denied.
Japan invaded.
Slide33Manchurian Crisis (1931-1933)
Do you:
Condemn Japan’s actions and order the withdrawal of troops
Send a coalition force to forcefully remove Japan from China
Impose economic sanctions to persuade Japan to hand over Manchuria
Slide34Manchurian Crisis (1931-1933)
Answer:
Condemn Japan’s actions and order the withdrawal of troops
Japan kept Manchuria and left the League of Nations in 1933. League members did not want to impose economic sanctions because the Great Depression had already damaged the world economy too much. Britain and France did not want to use military action because they feared Japanese reprisals against their colonies in the Far East.
Slide35CASE NINE
Abyssinian Crisis (1935-1936)
Slide36Abyssinian Crisis (1935-1936)
Abyssinia was the only independent black African state.Italy wanted Abyssinia because it already had land along Abyssinia’s borders and because it wanted to show the world its newfound strength and power.
Italy invaded.
Slide37Abyssinian Crisis (1935-1936)
Do you:
Give certain areas of Abyssinia in return for Italy’s withdrawal of troops
Impose economic sanctions by cutting off trade with Italy.
Offer to act as an arbitrator between Italy and Abyssinia to come to a peaceful resolution
Slide38Abyssinian Crisis (1935-1936)
Answer:
All of the above
The League of Nations attempted all these solutions. However, non-League nations continued to trade with Italy. The economic sanctions did not include oil, coal or iron. The Abyssinian public refused to accept a concession of land to the Italians. The Italians refused to negotiate, knowing that they had military strength and that Britain and France were very reluctant to go to war again.
Italy-Ethiopia War (1935)
Slide39Evaluating the Effectiveness of the League of Nations
Slide40Country Membership
Had 42 founding members, but throughout its existence many members joined and left the League of Nations
Britain and France considered most powerful
both wanted to avoid war at all costs.
Which important country was NEVER part of the League of Nations?
Member
Joined
Left
Japan
1919
March 1933
Germany
1926
October 1933
Italy
1919
December 1937
USSR
1934
December
1939
France
1919
June 1940
Britain
1919
April 1946
Slide41Discussion Question
How do you think the effectiveness of the League of Nations was hampered by the absence of the United States?
Slide42League of Nations Summary
After considering the examples given, what do you think was a serious weakness of the League of Nations?
What do the following cartoons tell us about the successes and/or failures of the League of Nations?
Slide43Cartoon 1
China
Japan
Slide44Cartoon 2
Slide45Cartoon 3