Personal protective equipments PPE Prof Dr Baydaa Hameed Abdullah 1 Containment The principle of holding or be capable of holding or including within a fixed limit or area Biocontainment ID: 1007172
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1. Biosafety Barriers in Labs.Personal protective equipments (PPE)Prof. Dr. Baydaa Hameed Abdullah1
2. Containment The principle of holding or be capable of holding or including within a fixed limit or areaBiocontainment: preventing the release of biological agents 2
3. Primary and Secondary Barriers 3BSCPRIMARY BARRIERS(control hazard at source)BSCHEPA filter(high efficiency particulate air)SECONDARY BARRIERS(structure surrounding primary barrier) Sealed perimeter ,Exhaust HEPA filters
4. Primary barriers Physical barriers or personal protective equipments (PPE) for lab worker Gloves, masks, Goggles, aprons, suits, special breathing apparatusesPrimary containment equipment BSCSealed centrifuge4
5. Secondary BarriersSecondary barriers: structural aspects of the laboratory that make working environment safer against infection such as Sinks for hand washing, Special containment areas, Special air ventilation patterns and Sterilization equipments.HEPA filtersLiquid effluent treatment Sealed laboratory walls and floors 5
6. Principles of BiosafetyPractice and proceduresStandard practicesSpecial practices and considerationsSafety equipment Facility design and constructionIncreasing levels of protection6
7. Standard Microbiological practices Most important concept / strict adherence Aware of potential hazard Trained and proficient in techniques 71
8. Safety Equipment Primary containment barrier Minimize exposure to hazard Engineering controls / equipment PPEBiological safety cabinets 82
9. Safety equipment includes biological safety equipment, enclosed containers, safety centrifuge cups, and other engineered controls designed to minimize exposure to biological agents. Biological safety cabinets are among the most important safety equipment for protection of personnel and the laboratory environment, and most also provide product protection. Safety equipment is most effective at minimizing exposure when workers are trained on the proper use of such equipment and the equipment is regularly inspected and maintained.9
10. PPE“Specialized clothing/equipment worn by an employee for protection against infectious materials” (OSHA)Provides protection from (bio)hazardsIt is removable and/or disposable (prevents contamination of community and environment)Must be worn when handling hazards (including infectious materials)Must be removed before leaving the work place
11. Factors that influence PPE selection:Routes of transmissionTypes of anticipated exposure(s)Available engineering controlsDurability/appropriateness for task(s)LimitationsFitDonning/DoffingPPE SELECTIONIs made based on risk assessment
12. Factors that influence PPE selection:Routes of transmissiondirect contactdropletsaerosolsTypes of anticipated exposure(s)Available engineering controlsDurability/appropriateness for task(s)LimitationsFitDonning/DoffingPPE SELECTIONIs made based on risk assessment
13. Factors that influence PPE selection:Routes of transmissionTypes of anticipated exposure(s)skin?mucous membranesrespiratory tractgastrointestinal tractAvailable engineering controlsDurability/appropriateness for task(s)LimitationsFitDonning/DoffingPPE SELECTIONIs made based on risk assessment
14. Factors that influence PPE selection:Routes of transmissionTypes of anticipated exposure(s)Available engineering controlsDurability/appropriateness for task(s)must be appropriate for intended useLimitationsmany different types and materialsFitshould be as comfortable as possibleDonning/DoffingPPE SELECTIONIs made based on risk assessment
15. Body protectionTYPES OF PPEPrevents spread of contamination to street clothes/exposed skinBody protection dependent on containment level, hazards(biological, chemical, etc.), and procedures:Flame resistant/retardantFluid resistant/repellantDisposableSolid frontCuffed sleevesPositive-pressure suits
16. TYPES OF PPEBody protectionHead Protection:Protect hair and scalp from contaminationHair coversFoot Protection:Protect entire footDisposable shoe covers (additional layer of protection)Rubber bootsDedicated lab shoesNon-slip footwearAdditional Body Protection (based on risk assessment):Disposable sleeve coversScrubs
17. PPELab Coats and gowns used to protect from infectious fluidsDon’t wear lab coats outside of the lab or take them homeCuffed sleeves can protect the wrists and lower arms17
18. BODY PROTECTIONGown/lab coat1,2Use3DisposalRe-UseBarrier between a user’s body and the agent, minimizing exposures to splashes, spills, and fomitesGowns recommended for healthcare workers (aprons acceptable if gowns unavailable)Lab coats recommended for diagnosticiansIf single-use PPE is utilized, dispose after use in appropriate container for medical or biohazard wasteSingle-use PPE should NOT be cleaned and reused, but gowns do not need to be changed between same- diagnosis patients unless contaminatedReusable PPE should be collected by the facility, decontaminated, then laundered on site or via a specialty company (NOT at the user’s home)4Adapted from Sandia National Laboratories
19. TYPES OF PPEFace protectionWorn when potential risk for splashing/splatteringPrevents splashing of infectious materials into eyes, nose, and/or mouthProtects mucous membranes from exposureExamples:Face shieldSurgical maskIndirectly vented safety gogglesSafety glasses***Do not offer protection against aerosol inhalation hazards***
20. PPEEye and Face Protectionprotect mucous membranes and prevent ingestion whenever there is potential for splash to eyes/face 20
21. FACE PROTECTION – Face shield/gogglesUseDisposalRe-UseBarrier between a user’s face and the agent when there is a splash risk to the eyes2Full face-shields recommended for healthcare workersGoggles recommended for diagnosticians, researchersAt the end of the product’s life (broken, torn, no longer functional, etc.), facial PPE is disposed of as solid medical or biohazard wasteFace shields and goggles are designed to be cleaned and reusedClean using appropriatechemical disinfectants3Some facial PPE can be sterilized by steam autoclave
22. TYPES OF PPEHand protectionReduces potential of hand contaminationReduces risks associated with ingestion and skin contactGloves are made of different materialso Latex, nitrile, vinyl, polyethylene, etc.Should be selected for specific activity and hazardSuitability of glove needs to be verified prior to handling infectious materials
23. HAND PROTECTION – GlovesUseDisposalRe-UseBarrier between a user’s hands and the agent, minimizing surface contaminationIdeally, one-time use, powder-freeNitrile recommended2Vinyl and latex can be used as alternativesAfter use, gloves should be disposed in the appropriate container for solid medical or biohazard wasteSolid waste should be autoclaved according to local (and/or other) regulationsAlternatively, solid waste may be incineratedDesigned to be disposed after useIt is NOT recommended thatthey be washed and reusedAdapted from Sandia National Laboratories
24. PPEGlovesWear disposable vinyl, synthetic or N-DEX nitrile gloves when working with biohazardous materials24
25. PPEGlovesAvoid latex gloves (may cause allergies)Do not reuse glovesDo not wear gloves outside of the laboratoryWash hands after removing gloves 25
26. PPERespiratory ProtectionTwo types: air supplying and air purifyingFull face, half face, PAPR (Powered Air Purifying Respirator)Special considerations: fit testing; facial hair; comfort; care and maintenance26
27. TYPES OF PPERespiratory protectionRemoval of contaminants from the air by filtration of:particulateschemicalsgasesRespirators divided into two classes:air-purifying – negative pressure vs. positive pressureatmosphere-supplying
28. RESPIRATORY PROTECTIONAir-purifying respiratorsDraw contaminated air through a filter or chemical cartridgeNon-powered and powered respiratorsNegative pressure vs. positive pressure3 different filter efficiency levelso 95%o 99%o 100% (99.97%)N vs. R vs. PN for Not resistant to oilR for Resistant to oilP for oil Proof
29. PPERespiratory ProtectionN95 respiratorsN100 respirators29
30. RESPIRATORY PROTECTIONAir-purifying respiratorsRespirators must fit well with proper seal to provide adequate protectionFit tightly against the face and form a seal between edge of respirator and face of wearerFit testing must be done:Prior to useWhenever different make, model, or size of respirator is usedChanges in facial structureAnnuallyFit testing can be quantitative or qualitative
31. Air-purifying respiratorsRESPIRATORY PROTECTIONPowered Air-PurifyingRespirators (PAPRs):Comfortable for continuous wearNo fit testing requiredUnder positive pressure
32. RESPIRATORY PROTECTIONAir-purifying respiratorsAtmosphere-supplying respirators use clean, breathable air from gas cylinder or air compressorOperate under positive pressureExamples:Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)Air-line (supplied air respirators)Supplied air suit (positive pressure suit)
33. PPEProper use/removalPPE should be carefully inspected for damages/breaches prior to donning PPEChange gloves as neededGloves become means of spreading infectious materials when contaminatedDoffing PPE must be performed carefully to minimize contaminationDoffing PPE needs to be immediately followed by handwashingProper disposal of PPE as biohazard wasteProper decontamination and laundering of reusable PPE
34. BIOSAFETY CABINETS (BSC)BSCs provide effective primary containment for work with infectious material or toxins when they are properly maintained and used in conjunction with good laboratory techniques 34
35. BIOSAFETY CABINETS (BSC)Fume HoodLaminar Flow Cabinet (LFC)Biohazard Safety Cabinet (BSC)35
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39. Facility DesignThe design of a facility is important in providing a barrier to protect people working inside and outside the laboratory, as well as to protect people in the community from infectious agents that may be accidentally released from the laboratory. The recommended secondary barrier(s) will depend on the risk of transmission of specific agents. For example, the exposure risks for most laboratory work in BSL-1 and BSL-2 facilities will be direct contact with the agents through contaminated work environments.Secondary barriers in these laboratories may include separation of the laboratory work area from public access; availability of decontamination equipment (e.g., autoclave*); and handwashing facilities. In BSL-3 facilities, additional safeguards, such as directional airflow airlock-controlled entry and exiting, a shower used for personnel to shower out may be required.39
40. Facility DesignAs the risk for aerosol transmission increases, higher levels of primary containment and multiple secondary barriers may become necessary to prevent infectious agents from escaping into the environment. Such design features could include *specialized ventilation systems to ensure directional airflow *air treatment systems to decontaminate or remove agents from exhaust air *controlled access zones *an airlock at the laboratory entrance * separate buildings or modules for physical isolation of the laboratory building itself.40
41. Thank you41