Chapter 1 Organization of the Human Body Overview Key Terms anabolism anatomic position anatomy catabolism cell extracellular homeostasis intracellular metabolism negative feedback Organ physiology system ID: 764456
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Chapter 1Organization of the Human Body
Overview
Key Termsanabolismanatomic positionanatomycatabolismcell extracellular homeostasis intracellular metabolism negative feedback Organ physiology system tissue
Studies of the Human BodyLearning ObjectivesDefine the terms anatomy and physiology. Describe the organization of the body from chemicals to the whole organism. List 11 body systems, and give the general function of each.
Metabolism and Its RegulationLearning ObjectivesDefine and give examples of homeostasis. Using examples, discuss the components of a negative feedback loop. Define metabolism , and name the two types of metabolic reactions.
Body DirectionsLearning ObjectivesList and define the main directional terms for the body. List and define the three planes of division of the body.
Body Cavities and RegionsLearning ObjectivesName the subdivisions of the dorsal and ventral cavities. Name and locate the subdivisions of the abdomen. Cite some anterior and posterior body regions along with their common names.
Case Study Learning Objective Find examples of anatomic and physiologic terms in the case study.
Word AnatomyLearning ObjectiveShow how word parts are used to build words related to the body’s organization.
Studies of the Human BodyLearning ObjectivesDefine the terms anatomy and physiology. Describe the organization of the body from chemicals to the whole organism. List 11 body systems, and give the general function of each.
Studies of the Human Body (cont.) Anatomy Study of body structure Dissection Physiology Study of body function
Wha t do specialized groups of cells form? Fig . 1-1 Levels of Organization
Body Systems (Organized by Function ) Protection, support, and movement Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Coordination and control Nervous Endocrine Circulation and immunity Cardiovascular Lymphatic Energy supply and fluid balance Respiratory Digestive Urinary Production of offspring Reproductive
Effects of AgingGradual changes occur in all body systems.Some changes are harmless.Wrinkles and gray hair Some changes may result in injury and disease. Decreased kidney function Loss of bone mass Formation of deposits within blood vessels
Body Systems: Summary (See the Student Resources on thePoint for this chart summarizing the body systems and their functions. Additional resources may be found on thePoint .) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ae4MadKPJC0
Studies of the Human Body (Review) ✓ Checkpoints 1-1 What are the studies of body structure and body function called? 1-2 What do organs working together combine to form?
Studies of the Human Body (Review) (cont.)? Pop Quiz 1.1 Which is the most suitable field of study for an anatomist? The structure of the stomach The mechanism of protein digestion Stomach cancer Anabolic reactions
Studies of the Human Body (Review) (cont.)? Pop Quiz Answer 1.1 Which is the most suitable field of study for an anatomist? The structure of the stomach The mechanism of protein digestion Stomach cancer Anabolic reactions
Studies of the Human Body (Review) (cont.)? Pop Quiz 1.2 There are numerous levels of organization in the body. The correct order from simplest to most complex is O rgan , tissue, cell, organism, system C ell , tissue, organ, system, organism S ystem , cell, organ, organism, tissue C ell , system, tissue, organ, organism
Studies of the Human Body (Review) (cont.)? Pop Quiz Answer 1.2 There are numerous levels of organization in the body. The correct order from simplest to most complex is O rgan , tissue, cell, organism, system C ell , tissue, organ, system, organism S ystem , cell, organ, organism, tissue C ell , system, tissue, organ, organism
Studies of the Human Body (Review) (cont.)? Pop Quiz 1.3 Which system is composed of bones and joints? S keletal system N ervous system I mmune system M uscular system
Studies of the Human Body (Review) (cont.)? Pop Quiz Answer 1.3 Which system is composed of bones and joints? S keletal system N ervous system I mmune system M uscular system
Metabolism and Its RegulationLearning ObjectivesDefine and give examples of homeostasis. Using examples, discuss the components of a negative feedback loop. Define metabolism , and name the two types of metabolic reactions.
Homeostasis Body’s maintenance of internal balance. Body fluid balance is especially important. Extracellular fluid Blood plasma Lymph Fluid between cells Intracellular fluid Fluid within cells
Homeostasis and Negative FeedbackNegative feedback Critical for maintaining our health Keeps body conditions within a normal range by reversing any upward or downward shift
Negative Feedback How does a thermostat respond to a room temperature that falls below normal? Fig . 1-2
Negative Feedback and Body TemperatureHow does the brain respond to an increase in body temperature? Fig . 1-3
Negative Feedback in the Endocrine System Fig . 1-4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- aRut2kyksQ
Types of MetabolismCatabolismReactions that break substances downUsed to form ATP Anabolism Reactions that build substances up Often require ATP
MetabolismWhat type of metabolism does the digestive system do? Fig . 1-5
Metabolism and Its Regulation (Review) ✓ Checkpoints 1-3 Where are intracellular fluids located? Extracellular fluids ? 1-4 What is the definition of homeostasis ? 1-5 What are the three components of a negative feedback loop? 1-6 What are the two types of metabolic activities, and what happens during each?
Metabolism and Its Regulation (Review) (cont.)? Pop Quiz 1.4 A reaction in which simple compounds are assembled into more complex compounds is most accurately described as a(n) A nabolic reaction C atabolic reaction H omeostatic reaction M etabolic reaction
Metabolism and Its Regulation (Review) (cont.)? Pop Quiz Answer 1.4 A reaction in which simple compounds are assembled into more complex compounds is most accurately described as a(n) A nabolic reaction C atabolic reaction H omeostatic reaction M etabolic reaction
Metabolism and Its Regulation (Review) (cont.)? Pop Quiz 1.5 Which example illustrates negative feedback? Decreased blood sugar stimulates release of a hormone that further decreases blood sugar. Decreased room temperature activates a thermostat, which further decreases heat output by a furnace. A rise in blood calcium levels stimulates release of a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels. A rise in estrogen levels stimulates production of a hormone that stimulates estrogen production.
Metabolism and Its Regulation (Review) (cont.)? Pop Quiz Answer 1.5 Which example illustrates negative feedback? Decreased blood sugar stimulates release of a hormone that further decreases blood sugar. Decreased room temperature activates a thermostat, which further decreases heat output by a furnace. A rise in blood calcium levels stimulates release of a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels. A rise in estrogen levels stimulates production of a hormone that stimulates estrogen production.
Body DirectionsLearning ObjectivesList and define the main directional terms for the body. List and define the three planes of division of the body.
Directional TermsHealthcare professionals use standardized terms to describe body directions.Superior and inferiorAnterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) Medial and lateral Proximal and distal All descriptions assume that the body is in anatomic position.
Directional Terms (cont.)What is the scientific name for the position in which the figures are standing? Fig . 1-6
Planes of DivisionAnatomists can divide the body along three planes, each of which is a cut through the body in a different direction.Frontal plane Sagittal plane Transverse plane
Planes of Division (cont.)Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts? Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts ? Fig . 1-7
Planes of Division and ImagingSome additional terms, usually “sections,” are used to describe tissues and CT (computed tomography) or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) images.Cross-section Longitudinal section Oblique section
Tissue SectionsWhich section would cut a blood vessel in half along its long axis? Fig . 1-8
Cross-Sections in Imaging Fig . 1-9
Body Directions (Review) ✓ Checkpoints 1-7 What term describes a location farther from an origin, such as the wrist in comparison to the elbow? 1-8 What are the three planes in which the body can be cut?
Body Directions (Review) (cont.)? Pop Quiz 1.6 Which term means closer to the body’s midline ? Distal Lateral Medial Transverse
Body Directions (Review) (cont.)? Pop Quiz Answer 1.6 Which term means closer to the body’s midline? Distal Lateral Medial Transverse
Body Directions (Review) (cont.)? Pop Quiz 1.7 A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts is the Sagittal plane Proximal plane Frontal plane Midsagittal plane
Body Directions (Review) (cont.)? Pop Quiz Answer 1.7 A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts is the Sagittal plane Proximal plane Frontal plane Midsagittal plane
Body Cavities and RegionsLearning ObjectivesName the subdivisions of the dorsal and ventral cavities. Name and locate the subdivisions of the abdomen. Cite some anterior and posterior body regions along with their common names.
Major Body CavitiesThe body is divided into two main cavities.Dorsal CavityTwo main subdivisions Cranial cavity Spinal cavity Ventral Cavity Two main subdivisions separated by the diaphragm Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity
Which cavity contains the diaphragm?Body Cavities Fig . 1-10
Subdivisions Pericardial cavity Pleural cavity Mediastinum Which cavity contains the lung? Fig. 1-11 Thoracic Cavity
Abdominopelvic CavitySubdivisions Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Fig . 1-10
The Nine Regions of the AbdomenWhich region contains the spleen? Epigastric Umbilical Hypogastric Hypochondriac (left and right) Lumbar (left and right) Iliac or inguinal (left and right) Fig . 1-12
9 Regions of the Abdomen
Right upper quadrantLeft upper quadrantRight lower quadrantLeft lower quadrant In which region is pain from appendicitis most likely to be felt? Four Quadrants of the Abdomen Fig . 1-13
Fig. 1-14 Where would a pedal pulse be felt? Anterior Body Regions
Fig. 1-15Where would cervical pain be felt? Posterior Body Regions
Body Cavities and Regions (Review) ✓ Checkpoints 1-9 Name the two main body cavities. 1-10 Name the three central regions and the three left and right lateral regions of the abdomen.
Body Cavities and Regions (Review) (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 1.8 Which organ is NOT in the abdominopelvic cavity? Gallbladder Liver Lung Small intestine
Body Cavities and Regions (Review) (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 1.8 Which organ is NOT in the abdominopelvic cavity? Gallbladder Liver Lung Small intestine
Body Cavities and Regions (Review) (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 1.9 Which abdominal region is most inferior and medial? Epigastric region Hypogastric region Inguinal region Umbilical region
Body Cavities and Regions (Review) (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 1.9 Which abdominal region is most inferior and medial? Epigastric region Hypogastric region Inguinal region Umbilical region
Body Cavities and Regions (Review) (cont.) ? Pop Quiz 1.10 Which anatomic adjective describes the anterior thigh? Crural Femoral Popliteal Sural
Body Cavities and Regions (Review) (cont.) ? Pop Quiz Answer 1.10 Which anatomic adjective describes the anterior thigh? Crural Femoral Popliteal Sural
The Language of Health Care Medical TerminologyRoot: main partPrefix: starts the word and modifies the rootSuffix: ends the word and modifies the root
Important Medical TermsPathologyDiagnosisSymptomsSigns
The Language of Health Care (Review)? Pop Quiz 1.11 The word part –stasis is best defined as Constant Downward Upward Variable
The Language of Health Care (Review) ? Pop Quiz Answer 1.11 The word part –stasis is best defined as Constant Downward Upward Variable
Case Study Learning Objective Find examples of anatomic and physiologic terms in the case study.
Case Study: Mike’s Case: Emergency Care and Possible System FailureAnatomic terms describe structures and locations such as: Lumbar Umbilical Inferiorly Antecubital Left upper quadrant Physiologic terms describe processes, events, changes, and signals such as: Hormone Homeostasis Blood pressure
Case Study: Review CasePoints 1-1 The paramedics were concerned about Mike’s spinal column and his blood vessels. To which system(s) do these structures belong? 1-2 In Mike’s case, what was the major challenge to his homeostasis? 1-3 Which of these is an effector in the feedback loop controlling Mike’s blood pressure—the brain or the heart? 1-4 Two important terms in Mike’s case are hypotensive and tachycardic. Name and define the prefix and root for each of these terms.
Word AnatomyLearning ObjectiveShow how word parts are used to build words related to the body’s organization.
Word Anatomy (cont.) Word Part Meaning Example Studies of the Human Body dis- apart, away from To d issect is to cut apart. -logy study of Radiology is the study and use of radioactive substances. physi/o nature, physical Physiology is the study of how the body functions. -tomy cutting, incision of Anatomy
Word Anatomy (cont.) Word Part Meaning Example Metabolism ana- upward, again, back Anabolism is the building up of simple compounds into more complex substances. cata- down Catabolism is the breakdown of complex substances. extra- outside of, beyond Extracellular fluid is outside the cells. home/o- same Homeostasis is the steady state (sameness) within an organism. intra- within Intracellular fluid is within a cell. stat, - stasis stand, stoppage, constancy In homeostasis , “-stasis” refers to constancy.