glaacuk Joemon M Jose School of Computing Science University of Glasgow Glasgow UK JoemonJoseglasgowacuk ABSTRACT The main objective of Information Retrieval IR systems is to satisfy searchers needs A great deal of research has been conducted in the ID: 3749
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standtheIR&Sbehaviourbackedupbyanentertainmentaspect.Thepositionofthispaperisthatemotionisapri-marymotivation(eitherdirectlyorindirectly)behindanentertainment-basedIR&Sbehaviour.Therestofthepaperisorganisedasfollows:Section2discussesKuhlthau's[3]model,followedbyourapproachinSection3anddiscussionandconclusioninSection4.2.EMOTIONINIR/ISTherearemanytheoriesandmodelsthatattempttoex-plaintheinformationseekingbehaviour.Kuhlthau'sinfor-mationseekingprocessmodelisoneoftherstandmostpopularmodelstoinvestigatethea ectivealongwithcog-nitiveandphysicalaspectsofasearcherinaninforma-tionseekingprocess.Sheproposesthatpeople'sfeelings,thoughtsandactionsinteractwithintheirinformationseek-ingprocess.Kuhlthau'sinformationseekingprocessmodeldescribesthesearchers'commonpatternsofseekingmean-ingfrominformation,toextendtheirknowledgestateonacomplexproblemortopicwhichhasadiscretebeginningandending[3].ThefundamentalprinciplebehindKuhlthau'sinformationseekingprocessistheuncertaintyprinciple[3].Thisreferstotheexistenceofacognitivestatewhichcausesfeelingsofanxietyandlackofcondence.Feelingsofdoubt,anxietyandfrustrationareinassociationwithvagueandunclearthoughts.Themodelshowsthatduringatypicalinformationseekingprocess,thethoughtsofasearcherbe-comeclearandconsequentlytheircondenceincreasesandtheirfeelingofdoubt,anxietyandfrustrationdecrease.Althoughthismodelisanimportantsteptowardsunder-standingtheroleofemotioninIR/IS,itdoesnotencom-passmanyimportantaspectsofemotioninIR.Kuhlthauconsidersemotion/a ectasafactorin uencingtheinforma-tionseekingprocess,ratherthananeedinitself.Moreover,Kuhlthau'smodelislimitedbymakinguncertaintycentral,i.e.,asdrivingtheseekingprocesswhilewearguethatpos-itiveornegativeemotionstates,highorlowarousallevel,suchasstressorboredomrespectively,couldalsomotivateuserstoengageinaninformationseekingbehaviour.There-fore,akeylimitationliesinthefactthatthea ectivesideofsearchersisinterpretedasonlybeingasecondarymoti-vationalsourceforinformationneed.Inthispaper,wecon-sideremotionasaseparateneed.Thisisexploredfurtherinnextsection.3.APPROACHThegoalofthissectionistoarguethatemotionshouldbeconsideredastheprimaryfactorinentertainment-basedIR&Sbehaviour:emotioncanbeconsideredasanindivid-ualneedwhichcanmotivatesearcherstoengageinanIR&Sprocess.Thesecondaryfactorofemotionreferstothefactthatemotion(inrelationtocognition)in uenceseveryas-pectofthesearchers'IR&Sbehaviour,andcanthusin u-encethesuccessorfailureofanIR&Sprocess.First,wewillelaborateonemotionasasecondaryfactorinIR&Sprocess.AsdiscussedinSection2,thesecondarynatureofemotioninIR&Sscenarioshasbeeninvestigatedforalongtime[3].Theresultsofsuchinvestigationsshowthat(i)participantsexperienceaburstofnegativefeelingsduetouncertaintyassociatedwithvaguethoughts,leadingthemtorecognisethattheyhaveaninformationneed;andthat(ii)thereisapositivecorrelationbetweenasuccessfulinformationseekingprocessandadecreaseinthesenegativefeelings[3].Fromthispointofview,notonlyisemotionafactorthatexiststhroughoutanIR&SprocesswhichaimstomeetanIN,butalsoitcanbeconsideredasaneed:theneedtochangenegativefeelingscausedbyuncertaintyduringtheinitiationphase(e.g.feelingsofdoubt,anxietyandfrustration)tofeelingsofsatisfactionandcomfort.Whentheemotionneedofthesearcheristodiminishthenegativefeelingsassociatedwithalackofknowledge(i.e.,anIN),theemotionneedwouldbesatisediftheINassoci-atedwithitisresolved.However,inanentertainment-basedIR&Sprocess,theemotionneedofthesearcherisnotasso-ciatedwithaparticularIN,andisanautonomousneedbyitself.Anexampleofsuchneedsarethescenarioswherethesearchersarestressedandlookatsomeclipsthatcouldhelptorelievetheirstress,e.g.,whensearchersareseekingforfunnyclipsinYouTube.Ofcourse,onewayofndingtheseclipsisbylookingatthepopular(mostviewed/highlyrec-ommended)videos.Insuchscenariothereisnoparticularinformationneedtoberesolved,butonlyanemotionneed.Fromtheabove,wecannowarguethatemotioninanentertainment-basedIR&Sprocessactsasaprimaryfactor,i.e.asanautonomousandimportantneed.4.CONCLUSIONSInthispaper,weexplainedtheroleofemotioninentertain-ment-basedIR&Sbehaviour.Weexplainedthatinthenor-mativeviewofIR/IS,thefocusisonthesatisfactionofsearchers'IN.Althoughtheroleofemotionisacknowledgedasafactorin uencingthewholeIR&Sbehaviour,itsrolewaslimitedtothestudyofitsin uenceontheprocessofsatisfyinganIN.However,emotioncanbeasourceofmo-tivationonitsownforasearchertoengageinanIR&Sprocess.SuchscenarioshavenotbeenconsideredintheIR/IScommunity,andthismotivatedthedenitionoftheemotionneedconcept.WearguedthatthereareemotionneedsthatcanmotivatesearcherstoengageinIR&Sbe-haviourwhichstrictlyspeakingdoesnothaveanIN.ThepervasivenessoftheuseofIRapplicationsforthepurposeofentertainmentandtheexistenceofemotionally-richdataonthewebprovidesevidencethatsomeinformationseekingbehaviourcanbecategorisedunderotherstrategiesthanin-formationneedthatcanleadtobettersatisfactionofthesearchers'needs.Givenalltheseevidences,theconclusionofthispaperisthatemotionactasaprimaryfactorbehindentertainment-basedIR&Sbehaviours.Finally,thereisnotmuchresearchaboutentertainment-basedIR&Sprocesses.Thisisduetothelimitationsassociatedwithit,suchaslackofdatasets,evaluationmethodology,metricsandprocedure.Anattempttosolvesuchlimitationsisapossibledirectionforfuturework.5.REFERENCES[1]I.Arapakis,Y.Moshfeghi,H.Joho,R.Ren,D.Hannah,andJ.M.Jose.Enrichinguserprolingwitha ectivefeaturesfortheimprovementofamultimodalrecommendersystem.InCIVR,2009.[2]D.Elsweiler,S.Mandl,andB.KirkegaardLunn.Understandingcasual-leisureinformationneeds:adiarystudyinthecontextoftelevisionviewing.InIIiX'10,pages25{34,2010.[3]C.C.Kuhlthau.Aprincipleofuncertaintyforinformationseeking.JournalofDocumentation,49(4):339{355,1993.[4]I.Lopatovska.Emotionalcorrelatesofinformationretrievalbehaviors.InWACI'11,pages1{7,april2011.[5]Y.Mosheghi.RoleofEmotinoinInformationRetrieval.PhDthesis,UniversityofGlasgow,2012.[6]T.A.Wilson.Onuserstudiesandinformationneeds.JournalofDocumentation,37(1):3{15,1993.