TYBSc Semester VI Botany Paper III Unit I Plant Physiology Biomolecule Carbohydrates By Mrs Mandakini R Ingle Department of Botany Satish Pradhan Dnyanasadhana College Thane w Classification of carbohydrates ID: 767526
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T.Y.B.Sc Semester VI Botany Paper III Unit I : Plant Physiology Biomolecule: Carbohydrates By Mrs. Mandakini R Ingle Department of Botany Satish Pradhan Dnyanasadhana College, Thane (w)
Classification of carbohydrates Octoses nososes Tetrasaccharidesstachyose
MONOSACCHARIDES
DISACCHARIDES
MALTOSE Constructed by a condensation reaction Composed of two glucose molecules Possesses an alpha bondCommonly produced by fermentation reactions called maltingMost maltose digested is the result of starch digestion
SUCROSE Constructed by a condensation reaction Composed of one glucose and one fructose Possesses an alpha bondCommonly called table sugar and is found in plants such as sugar cane and maple syrupPurified to form brown, white, and powdered sugars
LACTOSE Constructed by a condensation reaction Composed of one glucose and one galactose Possesses a beta bondBeta bonds are difficult to digestPrimary sugar in milk and milk products
Polysaccharides: 1.Pentosans: Araban and xylan 2. Hexosans: i. Glucosans - starch, cellulose, glycogen ii. Fructosans - Inulin iii. Mannans - Mannane iv. Galctans-Galactane 3. Pectic compounds- pectic acid, pectin 4. Gums 5.Amino-hexosans- chitin 6. mucilages
POLYSACCHARIDES Digestible polysaccharides: Starch AmyloseAmylopectinGlycogenNon-digestible polysaccharides: fibersSoluble fiber Insoluble fiber
STARCHES 3000 monosaccharides Contain alpha bonds Amylose is straight chainAmylopectin is branched chain High Glycemic Index
GLYCOGEN Storage form of glucose in animals and humans Structure is similar to amylopectin but with more complex branching Numerous alpha bonds Found in liver (400 kcal) and muscles (1400 kcal)
Chemical Composition of Fibers Contain beta bonds Insoluble: not fermented CelluloseHemicelluloseLignin* Soluble: 1.5-2.5 kcal/g GumPectinMucilage
Monosaccharides Isomerism ( 2 compounds with same mol. Formula) 2. Ring structure (same molecule with diff. ring forms) Isomerism: i . structural ii.stereoisomerism
Structural Isomerism: They have mol. Formula but diff. strut. formulae
Stereoisomerism Same structural and mol. Formula but differ in spatial arrangement of atoms or groups in the molecule D-glucose and D-mannose hav e change in spatial arrangement of Hydrogen and hydroxyl grps
D- molecule is one in which : i . Asymmetric carbon atom is far from aldehyde or ketone grp
Mirror images in L- glucose and L-mannose: optical isomerism
Monosaccharides (D-aldoses) CH 2 OHC=O CH2OH
The Fischer convention, the basis for the D- configuration in sugars comes from D-glyceraldhyde’s configuration around its asymmetric carbon. Epimers differ in configuration around one carbon atom i.e. D-glucose and D-mannose but D-glactose and D-glucose are not epimers because they very around two carbon atoms. There are 2 n-2 stereoisomers
Carbohydrates are classified as to the nature of the carbonyl group : ketone = ketose aldehyde = aldose Triose Tetrose Pentose Hexose 2(n-3) stereoisomers of ketoses
Monosaccharides can form ring structures
Ring structure: Pyranose ring- stable , C-1 and C-5 are linked by O atom, exhibited by pentoses and hexoses This may be written as straight carbon chain- carbon rings
Furanose ring: less stable, C-1 and C-4 are linked by O atom, exhibited by pentoses and hexoses. This may be written as closed carbon rings or as chain- carbon rings
a -amylose
Cellulose (polyglucose)
Thank you……….