The Skeletal System Part 4 Joints Honors Anatomy amp Physiology Joints amp Homeostasis Joints contribute to homeostasis by holding bones together in ways that allow movement amp flexibility Joints ID: 763378
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The Skeletal System Part 4Joints Honors Anatomy & Physiology
Joints & HomeostasisJoints contribute to homeostasis by holding bones together in ways that allow movement & flexibility
Joints aka: “articulation” or “arthrosis” a point of contact between 2 bones, a bone & cartilage, or between a bone & tooth
Joint Classification1. structural classificationbased on anatomical characteristicsFibrous joints Cartilagenous joints Synovial joints 2. functional classification based on type of movement they permit Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthrosis
Fibrous JointsArticulating bones held very closely together by fibrous CT3 types: Sutures skull bones Syndesmoses interosseous membrane Gomphoses dentoalveolar joint
Gomphoses
Cartilagenous Jointsallows little or no movement bones are tightly connected by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage 2 types: Synchondoses hyaline cartilage connects bones epiphyseal plate Symphyses fibrocartilage connects bone pubic symphysis
Symphyses
Synovial Jointsdistinguishing characteristics:synovial joint cavityfilled with synovial fluid bones covered by articular cartilage reduces friction
Parts of a Synovial Joint
Synovial Fluidsecreted by synovial membraneviscous, clear, pale yellow fluid forms film over surfaces w/in articular capsule functions: reduce friction absorbing shocks supporting chondrocytes in w/in articular cartilage
By the way….cracking sounds heard as joints move or popping sounds people make when the “crack” their knuckles explanation: When synovial cavity expands creates partial vacuum suction from that draws CO 2 & O 2 out of blood vessels in synovial membrane form bubbles in synovial fluid bubbles pop
Sprains a forcible wrenching or twisting of a joint that stretches or tears ligaments but does not dislocate the bonesoccurs when ligaments are stressed beyond their capacitymay have associated damage to surrounding blood vessels, muscles, tendons, or nerves
Strains stretched or partially torn muscleoften due to muscle contracting suddenly & powerfully
Bursae saclike structures situated to alleviate friction in some jointsfilled with fluid similar to synovial fluid located between: skin & bones tendons & bones muscles & bones ligaments & bones
Bursae
Bursitis inflammation of a bursausually caused by irritation from repeated, excessive exertion of a joint or by: trauma, infection (syphilis or TB), RA symptoms: pain, swelling, tenderness, limited movement
Types of Movements @ Synovial Joints 1. Gliding relatively flat surfaces move back-and-forth & side-to-side
Types of Movements @ Synovial Joints 2. flexion/extension/ hyperextension: o pposite movements flexion: decrease in angle between articulating bones extension: increase in angle between articulating bones hyperextension: continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position
Types of Movements @ Synovial Joints 3. abduction/adduction/ circumduction abduction: movement of bone away from midline adduction: movement of bone toward midline circumduction : movement of distal end of a body part in a circle
Types of Movements @ Synovial Joints 4. e levation/depression: elevation: upward movement of part of body (closing mouth, shrugging shoulders) depression: downward movement of part of body (opening mouth, returning elevated shrugged shoulders to anatomical position)
Types of Movements @ Synovial Joints 5. protraction/retraction protraction: movement of part of body anteriorly in transverse plane retraction: returning a protracted part of body to anatomical position
Types of Movements @ Synovial Joints 6. inversion/ eversion inversion: movement of soles medially @ intertarsal joints (soles face each other) eversion : movement of soles laterally @ intertarsal joints
Types of Movements @ Synovial Joints 7. dorsiflexion / plantar flexion dorsiflexion : bending foot @ ankle in direction of dorsum (superior surface) plantar flexion: bending foot @ ankle in direction of plantar surface
Types of Movements @ Synovial Joints 8. supination / pronation supination : movement of forearm in which palm is turned anteriorly pronation : movement of forearm in which distal end of radius crosses over distal end ulna & palm is turned posteriorly
Types of Movements @ Synovial Joints 9. opposition movement of thumb in which thumb moves across palm to touch tips of the fingers on same hand
Identify Movements
Ball - & - Socket Jointball-like surface of one bone fits into a cuplike depression of another bonepermits movement around 3 axis + all directions in between f lexion extension abduction adduction circumduction rotation
Homeostatic ImbalancesRheumatoid Arthritis (RA)autoimmune disease: immune system attacks joint liningscharacterized by: inflammation of joint swelling, pain, loss of function usually bilateral joints involved but may not be to same degree
Medical Terminologyarthralgia: pain in a jointsubluxation : partial or incomplete dislocation of a joint