What do these questions want you to do Describe the work of women in the sweated trades in the early twentieth century 4 Explain why changes in Secondary and Higher education after the Second World War benefitted women in employment 6 ID: 417554
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Slide1
Women and WorkWhat do these questions want you to do???
Describe the work of women in the sweated trades in the early twentieth century. (4)
Explain why changes in Secondary and Higher education after the Second World War benefitted women in employment. (6)
Explain why some women have benefitted from new employment opportunities in recent times. (6)
Describe the achievements of one woman who has broken through the glass ceiling. (4)
Describe how the development of light industry led to new employment opportunities for women after 1945. (4)
Explain why the work of a female role model you have studied was important for women in the workplace. (6)Slide2
Describe the work of women in the sweated trades in the early twentieth century. (4)
The textile industry employed a great many women both married and unmarried from the age of twelve upwards. The conditions were unpleasant with the humidity and dust in cotton mills leading to skin and eye infections and often instances of the deadly tuberculosis.
The metal industries also employed many women who separated plates of rolled tin, this was very dangerous work with injuries being common. Slide3
Light industry
Post war England was seen as the heyday of mass production in England. Light industry assemblers fit components and parts together to make products in a range of industries, including furniture making, automotive supplies and textiles.
Typical duties include:
working on an assembly line, for example fixing microchips, connectors and other parts onto printed circuit boards (PCBs) for electronic consumer goods
following set instructions, putting together parts in the right sequence
reporting problems in the assembly process to line managers
keeping administrative records up to date
carrying out simple quality checks.
After the Second World War
Ford’s
UK operation set the pace for the UK auto-industry and
Dagenham
products included models such as the Zephyr, Cortina and (until production of Ford’s smaller saloons transferred to Halewood), the Anglia. This plant employed many women to stitch the car interiors at a nearby location.
In October 1948 the American-owned Hoover Company opened a large washing machine factory and depot in Merthyr Tydfil, a few miles south of the town. The factory was purpose-built to manufacture the Hoover Electric Washing Machine, and at one point Hoover was the largest employer in the borough. This factory provided many working opportunities to women including motor assembly and rotor assembly.
Describe how the development of light industry led to new employment opportunities for women after 1945. (4)Slide4
Explain why changes in Secondary and Higher education after the Second World War benefitted women in employment. (6)
What was the Education Act, 1944?
Called the "Butler Act" after the Conservative politician R.A. Butler, introduced the
Tripartite System
of secondary education. (Grammar
Schools for more academic pupils; Technical Schools for vocational pupils; and
Secondary Modern
Schools which were a mix.
Pupils sat 11 plus exam to decide which secondary school they would attend.
Made all schooling--especially secondary education, free for all pupils.
It raised the school leaving age to 15 (raised to 16 in 1947), but kept age 11 as the decision point for sending children to higher levels.
Why was it important for women in the workplace?
It opened secondary school to girls, and the working class, and as a result, a far higher percentage attended higher education after secondary school.
This newly found education increased working class awareness of their disadvantaged social position and created a bitter class division between the working and middle class. More women were able to go on to further education, and attend university increasing their chances of entering higher paid professions such as law.Even the less academically able could now use the skills and qualifications they learned at technical college to challenge for work in trades such as engineering, hairdressing, and plumbing.Slide5
Explain why the work of a female role model you have studied was important for women in the workplace. (6)
Dame Anita
Roddick
Anita
Roddick
went to a Secondary Modern school and trained as a teacher before travelling the world.In 1976 she launched the Body Shop where she handmade 15 cosmetics in her kitchen and sold them at her shop in Brighton whilst raising two daughters.
Anita used her brand to campaign for protection of the rainforests and to support Greenpeace.
The Body Shop’s mission statement was ‘To dedicate ourselves to the
persuit
of social and environmental change.’By 1999 her company was valued at £800 million.By 2004 it had over 2000 stores serving 77 million customers in 51 countries.
Anita Roddick sold her company to L’Oreal in 2006 for £652 million and then focused on charity works.Can be seen as a important because: Set up a successful business from scratch, proving other women could do the same. Did so whilst raising a young family: children do not need to be a barrier to success. Showed that you could be successful and ethical at the same time.Slide6
Explain why some women have benefitted from new employment opportunities in recent times. (6)
Women as business leaders
Women continue to be a minority as business leaders. 45 FTSE 100 companies had no female on their Board of Directors. In 1992 Opportunity 2000 was launched by the government to encourage companies to improve the quality and quantity of women in their workforce.Karen Brady was 23 when she became MD of Birmingham City FC. By 2003 she has turned the club’s fortunes around and went on to become Alan Sugar’s right hand woman on ‘The Apprentice’.
Women in TV and Radio
Women were broadcasting on TV as early as 1948, but these women tended to be unmarried or childless. In 1973 the BBC launched an internal review ‘Limitations to the Recruitment and Advancement of Women in the BBC’ which highlighted the struggle for women.Women such as Angela
Rippon and Moira Stewart became regular news presenters on the BBC and ITV in the 1970s and 1980s.Mature female presenters can often face discrimination such as Miriam O’Reilly who, when dismissed won a discrimination case against the BBC.
Women as Fashion Designers
Since Mary quant popularised the mini skirt in the 1960s women have been able to become more involved and adventurous in fashion.
Since the 1970s designers such as
Zandra
Rhodes and Vivienne Westwood have been at the forefront of fashion.
Women in Medicine The National Health Act, 1948 provided that all medical schools had to begin admitting women.As of 2007 28% of consultants and 42% of GPs were women.