1 Objectives To identify and analyze leadership

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Leadership Is the ability to influence others
Inspires and motivates others to be productive
Often has the aim of getting everyone in a group to work toward a common goal 5

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Leadership Styles Are the ways in which people utilize their leadership position
Can be used independently from one another or together
Are dependent on:
the personality of the leader
the personality of group members
the task to be accomplished 6

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Kurt Lewin Was a psychologist who studied leadership styles
Is considered a pioneer of social, organizational and applied psychology
Conducted a research project in 1939 to identify different styles of leadership and their effectiveness 7

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Lewin’s Project Assigned three groups of children to three different adults
each group of children completed an arts and crafts project
each of the adults used a different style of leadership
each group experienced
different results based on the style of leadership used 8

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Lewin’s Leadership Styles Consist of the following:
authoritarian
participative
laissez faire 9

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Authoritarian Leadership Requires full authority and control over the group
Makes all decisions and uses little or no input from others
Relies heavily on the use of policies, procedures and regulations
Is most effective for complex projects or when employees have low levels of training and skill 10

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Authoritarian Leadership Advantages include:
highly productive when leader is present
allows for quick decision-making
Disadvantages include:
one-way communication can cause frustration or resentment among employees
employees can become dependent on the leader and loose their sense of initiative 11

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Participative Leadership Is also known as democratic leadership
Encourages group participation
Allows group members to feel involved in the process
Remains in control of the final decision
Has been found to be the most effective form of leadership 12

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Participative Leadership Advantages include:
creates a positive work environment
allows for creative thinking
reduces office tension and hostility
motivates employees to find the best solutions
Disadvantages include:
decision-making can take a long time
group pressures sometimes result in groupthink
when a group’s judgment is affected by its members’ need to agree 13

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Laissez Faire Leadership Involves the leader offering little to no guidance and entrusting group members to make decisions
comes from the French term referring to deliberate avoidance of interference
Is also known as delegative leadership
Requires group members to:
be aware of tasks needing to be completed
act on their own to accomplish tasks 14

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Laissez Faire Leadership Advantages include:
group members have flexibility they need to be most successful
encourages critical thinking and self-motivation
Disadvantages include:
poorly defines roles within the group
can be unproductive if group members are not self-motivated and knowledgeable 15

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Lewin’s Results Found the authoritarian group:
was less creative than the other groups
was highly productive with the leader’s positive efforts
became less productive in the leader’s absence
developed discontent when the leader overexerted dominance 16

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Lewin’s Results Found the participative group:
was less productive than the authoritarian group
produced high-quality contributions from group members
members gained satisfaction from making their own decisions 17

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Lewin’s Results Found the laissez faire group:
was the least productive
demanded the most of the leader
produced little cooperation or unity among group members
members had little sense of accomplishment 18

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Abdicratic Leadership Is a form of leadership not studied by Lewin
Occurs in group settings when no one is a leader
though there is no defined leader, someone is “in charge” or still responsible for the group’s actions
Requires group members complete tasks on their own 19

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Abdicratic Leadership Advantages include:
can help identify problems and problem workers in the short term
allows new leaders to emerge
allows the person in charge to focus on administrative tasks
Disadvantages include:
can result in confusion and a lack of organization 20

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21 Assessment

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Assessment Leadership inspires and motivates others to be which of the following?
Happy
Kind
Productive
Self-sufficient

Leadership styles are NOT dependent on which of the following?
The personalities of group members
The task to be accomplished
The personality of the leader
The technology available 22

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Assessment Who was the psychologist who conducted a research project in 1939 to identify different styles of leadership and their effectiveness?
Lewis Kurkin
Lloyd Kirk
Kurt Lewin
Kolin Lewis

Which type of leadership relies heavily on the use of policies, procedures and regulations?
Authoritarian
Participative
Democratic
Laissez Faire 23

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Assessment Which type of leadership is also known as delegative leadership?
Authoritarian
Participative
Democratic
Laissez Faire 24

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Personality Traits Of a leader help determine which leadership style will be used
Of leaders have been studied extensively and commonly include: fairness
vision
integrity
dedication
humility
openness creativity
assertiveness
confidence
ability to generate trust and respect 26

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Fairness Involves treating all others equally and impartially
no one is shown favoritism or discriminated against
Requires listening to all the facts before making a decision or passing judgment
Helps to prevent:
jumping to conclusions
making mistakes based on
misinformation 27

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Vision Is the ability to see the big picture or the object of the task
Requires the leader to know what the end result should be
allows the leader to effectively plan and delegate
lets the leader measure success based on how the outcome compares to the vision
Should be shared with group members
creates common goals 28

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Integrity Requires a leader be consistent concerning values, ethics and actions
honest and fair in all dealings
does not hide information from others
upholds moral principles
Shows group members the leader can be respected and trusted
lack of integrity can alienate others and negatively affect morale
In a leader sets an example for others to follow 29

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Dedication Involves the leader spending as much time and effort on a project as needed
may include long hours and hard work
Requires the leader to be one of the hardest workers in the group
Shows the leader is enthusiastic and committed to completing the project
inspires others to work hard to achieve success
emphasizes the importance of the project 30

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Humility Is the ability to give group members credit for group accomplishments
also includes taking the blame or responsibility if mistakes are made by the group
Requires the leader recognize the work of others
Involves graciously accepting both compliments and critiques 31

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Openness Is the ability to listen to and consider others’ ideas and opinions
Requires recognition of different, and possibly better, ways of thinking or approaching a situation
can result in expanded perspectives
Can help build trust and communication between the leader and group members 32

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Creativity Involves being imaginative and thinking outside of the box
May require going against tradition or the norm
Allows leaders to see things others cannot
can result in movement in new directions
can lead to new inventions and innovations 33

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Assertiveness Is the ability to clearly state expectations and enforce consequences
Aids in avoiding miscommunication
Allows the leader to keep everyone on task and moving in the proper direction
Should not be confused with rudeness or aggression 34

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Confidence Requires the leader know or feel he or she has the power and ability to succeed
Is perhaps the most important characteristic
Is required from leaders regarding both themselves and their goals
if a leader is not confident, others could find it difficult to follow due to feeling their task may not be a success 35

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Ability to Gain Trust & Respect Is a trait leaders must earn over time through a positive reputation and accomplishments
leaders with other traits are likely to earn trust and respect more quickly
Will also earn leaders commitment and loyalty from group members
this improves productivity and morale from group members 36

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37 Assessment

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Assessment Which trait of a leader helps prevent jumping to conclusions and making mistakes based on misinformation?
Creativity
Fairness
Confidence
Dedication
Nathan is not consistent concerning values, ethics and actions. He can alienate others and negatively affects morale. Which of the following traits does he lack?
Vision
Assertiveness
Humility
Integrity 38

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Assessment Which of the following is the ability to give group members credit for group accomplishments and take the blame if mistakes are made by the group?
Fairness
Humility
Creativity
Confidence 39

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Assessment Which of the following accurately describes assertiveness?
The ability to listen to and consider others’ ideas and opinions
The practice of applying force or pressure
The ability to clearly state expectations and enforce consequences
The practice of using repetition and closely monitoring all actions 40

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Assessment Which of the following will earn leaders commitment and loyalty from group members?
The ability to be understanding and kind
The ability to give appreciation and compensation
The ability to gain trust and respect
The ability to complete a large amount of work 41

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Communication Plays an important role in leadership
Allows a leader to interact with others, including:
share goals and objectives
exchange ideas
give and receive feedback
Involves:
verbal communication
nonverbal communication
listening 43

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Verbal Communication Refers to the use of words and sounds in communication
Is the form people are most familiar with
Is especially important in leadership as it is the primary method used to address others
public speaking
one-on-one conversations
group meetings 44

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Verbal Communication Is most effective when the leader is:
clear
leaders run the risk of having to take time to explain the information again if not clear
concise
too much information may result in group members becoming confused, misinformed or overwhelmed
confident
leaders with shaky voices who repeatedly correct themselves may have a hard time inspiring others to work hard 45

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Nonverbal Communication Often occurs in tandem with verbal communication
Allows for the expression of thoughts and feelings without using words
Includes:
eye contact
body language
facial expression 46

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Eye Contact Should be maintained whenever speaking to someone
when addressing a group, make eye contact with various members to make everyone feel included
Portrays speakers’ confidence in themselves and their messages
Aids in keeping listeners engaged and focused on what is being said 47

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Body Language Can either support or contradict the speaker’s verbal message
Includes:
posture
good posture displays confidence and leadership
bad posture shows a lack of confidence and control
hand gestures
when used correctly can be effective in illustrating points
too many can distract listeners 48

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Facial Expression Can aid others in identifying the emotions a speaker is feeling
a smile can signal happiness or approval while a frown typically indicates unhappiness or disapproval
Can be as encouraging or discouraging as compliments or criticisms
Of listeners can indicate to a speaker the message is understood or needs to be clarified 49

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50 Assessment

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Assessment Which type of communication is especially important in leadership as it is the primary method used to address others?
Verbal communication
Written communication
Nonverbal communication
Digital communication 51

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Assessment To prevent too much information resulting in group members becoming confused, misinformed or overwhelmed, verbal communication should be which of the following?
Clear
Coherent
Confident
Concise 52

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Assessment Which of the following is true of nonverbal communication?
It includes e-mail and texting
It is most effective when it occurs without verbal communication
It allows for expression of thoughts without using words
It is not an effective type of communication

Which of the following portrays speakers’ confidence and aids in keeping listeners engaged and focused on what is being said?
Compliments
Facial expression
Specific instructions
Eye contact 53

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Assessment Posture and hand gestures are included in which type of communication?
Facial expression
Body language
Verbal communication
Digital communication 54

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Groups Allow for and encourage different ideas to be discussed by members
results in expanded perspectives, new ideas, building on concepts and many other benefits
Can allow large tasks to be broken into smaller parts
results in the task becoming more manageable and allows for it to be completed in a more timely manner 56

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Groups Utilize people’s different strengths
results in the group producing better work than one could alone
Motivate people to succeed through peer pressure
results in group members being responsible and accountable 57

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Types of Groups Include:
formal groups
informal groups 58

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Formal Groups Are formed with the purpose of achieving organizational goals
Include:
command groups
task groups
affinity groups 59

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Command Groups May exist for a long period of time
Are often included in an organization chart
Consist of a supervisor and a number of subordinates 60

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Task Groups Exist for a relatively short period of time
Are established to accomplish a specific project
Could possibly include members who have not worked together before 61

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Affinity Groups Are collections of employees which share responsibility and duties
May consist of members from the same level in the organization
Usually exist longer than task groups 62

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Informal Groups Are developed naturally based on shared interests and values of group members
May take the form of:
friendship groups
interest groups 63

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Friendship Groups Are formed based on relationships among members who enjoy being together
Are relatively permanent 64

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Interest Groups Are established based on a common activity or interest of the members
Are relatively temporary
however, sometimes friendship groups are developed through interest groups 65

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Group Dynamics Is the study of how an organization’s members work together and achieve a common goal
Includes the use of the following four-stage model:
forming
storming
norming
performing 66

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Group Dynamics 67

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Group Work Process Includes the following six steps:
goal formation: determine and clarify what needs to be achieved
research: perform research and analysis on the project
planning: develop a detailed plan of action
implementation: put the plan into operation
evaluation: examine the work performance using self evaluation, peer evaluation and group evaluation
modification: revise the goals according to the group performance 68

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Group Leadership Involves one person directing the group work process and dealing with group dynamics
Can be difficult with different personality types in one group
good leaders are able to identify these different personalities and use them to the group’s advantage
Utilizes leadership styles
in conjunction with one another or separately depending on the situation 69

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Group Leadership Involves the following:
ensuring everyone is working toward the same goal by clearly stating the goals and objectives
prioritizing what is important and must be accomplished
identifying the strengths and weaknesses of group members
delegating tasks to members according to their strengths 70

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Analyzing Group Effectiveness Can occur during a task or after it is completed
productivity levels can be measured as the task is being completed
when the task is over, compare the result to the vision
Is important to let the leader know where strengths and weaknesses are
Provides the leader knowledge of what improvements can be made 71

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Evaluation of Group Work Is essential for:
reviewing the team’s performance
improving the team’s productivity 72

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Peer Evaluation Is one of the most effective ways to evaluate the quality of an individual’s work
Allows team members assess each other’s work performance 73

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Peer Evaluation Rules and format should be announced before beginning
Should include feedback for improvement 74

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75 Assessment

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Assessment Which of the following is NOT a type of formal group as discussed in the segment?
Affinity group
Command group
Interest group
Task group

Collections of employees which share responsibility and duties are known as which of the following?
Affinity groups
Task groups
Informal groups
Interest groups 76

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Assessment Which of the following is the term for the study of how an organization’s members work together to achieve a common goal?
Group interest
Group discovery
Group process
Group dynamics

How many steps are included in the group work process?
Four
Five
Six
Seven 77

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Assessment According to the segment, which of the following is true of peer evaluation?
It is not an effective way to evaluate the quality of an individual’s work
It should not include rules or format requirements
It creates conflict and division among team members
It should include feedback for improvement 78

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Assessment 79

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Assessment Which of the following is NOT a leadership style identified by Kurt Lewin?
Authoritarian
Participative
Abdicratic
Laissez faire

Which personality trait was discussed as being perhaps the most important trait for a leader?
Vision
Fairness
Integrity
Confidence 80

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Assessment Amber has to give a presentation to her class tomorrow. Since she will be using verbal communication to explain her project, it is important for her speech to be all the following except:
Clear
Coherent
Confident
Concise 81

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Assessment Analyzing group effectiveness allows the leader to:
Identify strengths
Measure productivity levels
Compare the results to the vision
All of the above

Which of the following is NOT a form of nonverbal communication?
Eye contact
Texting
Facial expression
Body language 82

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Assessment Which group of children did Lewin find to be least creative?
Authoritarian
Participative
Abdicratic
Laissez faire

The purpose of groups is to:
Break large tasks into smaller parts
Allow different ideas to be discussed
Expand group members’ perspectives
All of the above 83

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Assessment Blake recently started a new job. His boss, Hailey, tells him the tasks which need to be done but gives him no instructions on how to do them. Blake has to get these jobs done before he can go home and must figure out how to do them on his own. Which style of leadership is Hailey practicing?
Authoritarian
Participative
Abdicratic
Laissez faire 84

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Assessment Which of the following is NOT one of the purposes of groups?
Motivate the group to work harder
Take advantage of people’s different strengths
Shift workload to other people in the group
Break the task into manageable parts

Which of the following group types is established by the organization to accomplish a specific project?
Task group
Interest group
Command group
Affinity group 85

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Sources "Kurt Lewin's Leadership Styles." Business Management | Business Models. Web. 08 July 2010. <http://www.businessmate.org/Article.php?ArtikelId=31>.
"Leadership Traits." Small Business Notes. Web. 08 July 2010. <http://www.smallbusinessnotes.com/operating/leadership/leadership.html>.
Griffin, R. & Moorhead, G. (2010). Organizational behavior: Managing people and organizations (9th ed.). Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.
"Group Leadership." Web. 08 July 2010. <http://www.abacon.com/commstudies/groups/leader.html>.
Lee, J. A. (1980). The gold and the garbage in management theories and prescriptions. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.
Lewin, K., Lippitt, R., & White, R. K. (1939). Patterns of aggressive behavior in experimentally created social climates. Journal of Social Psychology, 10, 271-279.
O'Hair, Dan, Robert A. Stewart, and Hannah Rubenstein. Speaker's Guidebook: Text and Reference. New York, NY: Bedford/St. Martins, 2010. Print.
Peer assessment and peer evaluation (2001). Retrieved on February 13, 2011, from http://www.foundationcoalition.org/home/keycomponents/teams/peer_asses_eval.html.
Rothwell, J. D. (2004). In mixed company: Communicating in small groups and teams (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. 86

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