Crew/Cockpit Resource Management (CRM) First

A few weeks later, NASA held a workshop on the topic, endorsing this innovative training. 
United Airlines was first to provide CRM training for its cockpit crews in 1981.
By the 1990s, it had become a global standard.
United Airlines also trained their flight attendants to use CRM in conjunction with the pilots to provide another layer of enhanced communication and teamwork.
Studies have shown that by both work groups using CRM together, communication barriers are reduced and problems can be solved more efficiently, leading to increased safety.
 CRM training concepts have been modified for application to a wide range of activities where people must make dangerous time-critical decisions. These arenas include air traffic control, ship handling, firefighting, and medical operating rooms.<br>

The term “crew resource management" was coined in 1979 by NASA psychologist John Lauber who’d studied cockpit communication processes for several years.

While retaining a command hierarchy, the concept was intended to foster a less authoritarian cockpit culture, where co-pilots were encouraged to question captains if they observed them making mistakes.

Crew resource management grew out of the 1977 Tenerife airport disaster where two Boeing 747 aircraft collided on the runway killing 583 people.<br>

CRM is a cockpit management concept that involves a pilot's thorough use of all available resources, both inside and outside the cockpit.
In the 1970s, much of the focus of CRM was on the pilot/copilot relationship.
There were some airline captains that thought very little of their co-workers.

There were also many first officers that didn't feel like they could stand up to their captain when they didn't agree with his or her actions.

Captains were put on pedestals and inferior pilots felt it was disrespectful to question them. This created a workplace atmosphere that was not conducive to teamwork and led to many accidents.

The purpose of CRM at this time was to gain an environment of equal respect, teamwork and cooperation to safely accomplish the mission of the flight.<br>

Later CRM models followed similar teachings but also incorporated better decision-making skills overall. Error management became the focus of later CRM training modules.

Safety statistics dictate that humans are the main source of error; therefore, pilots must learn to recognize potential errors and control errors when they do occur.

Most recently, CRM has evolved into teaching pilots risk management strategies, focusing on:
workload management,
recognizing hazardous attitudes or patterns,
maintaining situational awareness, and
communicating effectively to operate efficiently and safely in all aspects of flight.<br>

Today, CRM is an essential part of any flight department's training and a critical piece of knowledge in a pilot's career.
All professional pilots are trained in CRM, and the focus remains on specific concepts such as:
aeronautical decision-making,
risk management,
leadership, and
error management.
Most recently, CRM has evolved into teaching pilots:
risk management strategies,
focusing on workload management,
recognizing hazardous attitudes or patterns,
maintaining situational awareness, and
communicating effectively to operate efficiently/safely in all aspects of flight.<br>

CRM Concepts Decision-making: 
All pilot are involved in decision-making during flights. Whether they make the right decision or not depends on how much information they have at their fingertips.

CRM teaches pilots to seek out all available resources when making a decision, and not to do it alone.
Pilots can utilize the help of other crew members, flight attendants, ATC, weather reports, and these days, they can even call their maintenance department over the phone or radio.
CRM teaches pilots to act calmly and appropriately instead of out of fear or impulsiveness when decisions need to be made.
Pilots should recognize their own hazardous attitudes that might interfere with good decision-making and manage risk appropriately<br>

CRM Concepts Risk Management: 
Pilots are now being taught that the only way to prevent risks associated with flying is to manage them appropriately. This involves knowing the risks, to begin with.

Pilots manage risk by knowing they carry personal risk to work with them such as fatigue, illness, or stress.

In addition, there are environmental risks, such as weather or ops policies.

There are performance risks based on how heavy the aircraft is loaded, if the runway is wet, etc.

Pilots can't control these risks, but they can manage the outcome by knowing their own limitations, aircraft limitations, company limitations, etc.<br>

CRM Concepts Leadership: 

A good leader is hard to find, but CRM can teach pilots to recognize good and bad leadership traits, which they can appropriately implement or avoid, respectively.<br>