INTRODUCTION TO PARASITOLOGY and Lab Safety Common terminology: Parasite Host Definitive host Intermediate host Infective stage Diagnostic stage Vector Life cycle Practical classification of parasites of medical importance: Protozoa:
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INTRODUCTION TO PARASITOLOGY and Lab Safety<br>
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Common terminology: Parasite
Host
Definitive host
Intermediate host
Infective stage
Diagnostic stage
Vector
Life cycle<br>
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Practical classification of parasites of medical importance: Protozoa: single-celled organisms “Multiply in human host”
Helminthes: multicellular worms “Do not normally multiply in human host”<br>
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Protozoa: Amoeba:
Entamoeba histolytica
Acanthamoeba Species
Naegleria Species
Flagellates:
Giardia lamlia
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trypanosoma species
Leishmania species<br>
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Ciliates:
Balantidium coli
Coccidia:
Blood and tissue coccidia:
Plasmodium species
Toxoplasma gondii
Intestinal coccidia:
Isospora belli
Cryptosporidium parvum<br>
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Helminthes: Trematodes (Flukes):
Schistosoma species
Paragonimus species
Fasiolopsis buski
Cestodes (Tapeworms):
Taenia species
Echinococcus granulosus
Diphyllobothrium latum
Hymenolepis nana (less important)<br>
Filarial and other tissue nematodes:
Wuchereria bancrofti<br>
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Microscope:<br>
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Lab Safety: General lab. Safety:
1- Wear lab coats, gloves,
2- Don’t eat or drink
3- Carefully handle the samples, because it’s contagious
4- Containers must be labeled probably and after used closed very well
5- How to dispose wastes
6- Cleaning
7- Safety equipments<br>
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Must worn Lab coat Gloves<br>
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Samples used in parasitology lab: Mainly we deal with stool as a general specimen
We can receive also :
1- urine, in case of S.haematobium,
S.mansoni , T.vaginalis.
2- Blood, in case of Plasmodium spp, trypanosoma, W.bancrofti.
3- Vaginal discharge, in case of T.vaginalis.
4- Sputum, in case of Paragonimus spp.<br>
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5- CSF, in case of Trypanosoma spp, Naegleria.
6- Bone Marrow, in case of L.donovani.
7- Lymph Gland Aspirate, in case of Trypanosoma spp, L. donovani.
8- Liver Aspirate, in case of E.histolytica, L. donovani.
9- Biopsies: - Skin, in case of Leishmania spp, D. medinensis.
- Muscles, in case of Trichinella.
10- Duodenal Aspirate, in case of G. lamblia, S. stercoralis.
11- Rectal Scraping, in case of E.histolytica, Schistosoma spp.<br>
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How to collect stool samples: Precautions
Containers
Request form
Time of examination
Macroscopic examination
Microscopic examination<br>
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Containers for stool and other samples:<br>
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Universal container for urine samples :<br>
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Blood collecting tubes:<br>
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Request form :<br>
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Macroscopic examination: Color : normally brown not pale or dark.
Consistency: whether formed, semi formed, unformed, watery.
Composition: Presence of mucus, blood and or Pus
Odor
Whether the specimen contains worms, part of the worm(segments), larva.<br>
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Microscopic examination: Wet mount :
Either saline or iodine: usually we see the Cyst stage, we loose the trophozoite because it’s a fragile stage.
We use 2 clean glass slides: in the first 1 drop of saline and in the other drop of iodine then by wooden stick take a small part of sample mix, cover then examine after removing your gloves .<br>
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STOOL EXAMINATIONTemporary Saline smear Iodine smear saline Iodine 1% Huge number of eggs
Trophozoites : by their motility Huge number of eggs
Cysts : as the iodine stains the details.
Disadvantages: The trophozoites are rapidly killed by iodine and therefore become unidentifiable<br>
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Other examinations of samples in parasitology lab: Serological tests: ELISA, Passive haemoagglutination test: these tests deals with serum Ag and Ab’s.
Molecular tests: PCR, most commonly used in researches.<br>