Progressivism Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin

slide1. Progressivism Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Amid great political and social change, women gain a larger public role and lead the call for reform. African Americans work to end legal discrimination. Progressive presidents work to reform government and the economy.<br>
slide2. Progressivism Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› The Origins of Progressivism LESSON 1 LESSON 2 Education Reform LESSON 3 Segregation and Discrimination LESSON 4 Women in Public Life LESSON 5 Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal LESSON 6 Progressivism Under Taft LESSON 7 Wilson’s New Freedom Was the progressive movement successful?<br>
slide3. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› The Origins of Progressivism LESSON 1 Political, economic, and social change in late 19th century America leads to broad progressive reforms.<br>
slide4. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› The Origins of Progressivism LESSON 1 Four Goals of Progressivism
Early 1900s, middle-class reformers address problems of 1890s
Different reform efforts collectively called progressive movement
Reformers aim to restore economic opportunity, correct injustice by:
protecting social welfare, promoting moral improvement
creating economic reform, fostering efficiency

Protecting Social Welfare
Social Gospel, settlement houses inspire other reform groups
Florence Kelley, political activist, advocate for women, children
helps pass law prohibiting child labor, limiting women’s hours Continued…<br>
slide5. Lesson 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Four Goals of Progressivism (continued)
Promoting Moral Improvement
Some feel poor should uplift selves by improving own behavior
Prohibition—banning of alcoholic drinks
Woman’s Christian Temperance Union spearheads prohibition crusade

Creating Economic Reform
1893 panic prompts doubts about capitalism; many become socialists
Muckrakers—journalists who expose corruption in politics, business

Fostering Efficiency
Many use experts, science to make society, workplace more efficient
Louis D. Brandeis uses social scientists’ data in trial
Scientific management—time and motion studies applied to workplace
Assembly lines speed up production, make people work like machines
cause high worker turnover
Henry Ford champions efficient manufacturing, reducing costs
reduces workday to 8 hours, raises wages<br>
slide6. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› The Origins of Progressivism LESSON 1 Cleaning Up Local Government
Political bosses control local politics
Desire to make government more effiecient and more responsive
Reforming Local Government
Natural disasters lead to city government reforms
Some cities adopt government by commission of experts
Many use council-manager: people elect council that appoints manager
Reform Mayors
Hazen Pingree of Detroit tackles taxes, transit fares, corruption
Socialist Tom Johnson of Cleveland fights corrupt utility companies<br>
slide7. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› The Origins of Progressivism LESSON 1 Reform at the State Level
Progressives pass laws to regulate large businesses
Reform Governors
Robert M. La Follette is 3-term governor
then senator of Wisconsin
attacks big business
Wisconsin Idea turns state into progressive laboratory
Other progressive governors, Charles Aycock (North Carolina) and James Hogg (Texas)
Protecting Working Children
Child workers get lower wage
small hands handle small parts better
families need children’s wages
National Child Labor Committee gathers evidence of harsh conditions
Labor unions argue children’s wages lower all wages
Groups press government to ban child labor, cut hours Continued…<br>
slide8. Lesson 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Reform at the State Level (continued)
Efforts to Limit Working Hours
Muller v. Oregon—Court upholds limiting women to 10-hour workday
Bunting v. Oregon—upholds 10-hour workday for men
Reformers win workers’ compensation for families of injured, killed

Reforming Elections
Oregon adopts secret ballot, initiative, referendum, recall
Initiative—bill proposed by people, not lawmakers, put on ballots
Referendum—voters, not legislature, decide if initiative becomes law
Recall—voters remove elected official through early election
Primaries allow voters, not party machines, to choose candidates

Direct Election of Senators
Seventeenth Amendment permits popular election of senators<br>
slide9. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Education Reform LESSON 2 Reforms in public education lead to a rise in national literacy and the promotion of public education.<br>
slide10. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Education Reform LESSON 2 Expanding Public Education
Many school-age children receive no formal education, few go to high school
With industrialization, education grew in importance
Schools for Children
1865–1895, states pass laws requiring school attendance for children
Kindergartens—originally childcare for working women—become popular
1880, 62% white children, 34% black children in elementary school

The Growth of High Schools
Industrial economy demands technical, managerial skills
1900, more than half a million students in high school
Expanding education changes American society<br>
slide11. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Education Reform LESSON 2 Expanding Higher Education
Despite increased attendance only minority of Americans have high school diplomas
Even smaller minority attend colleges and universities
Changes in Universities
1880–1920, college enrollment more than quadruples
Research universities emerge, offer new curriculum
Professional law, medical schools established
Some colleges and universities require entrance exams Continued…<br>
slide12. Lesson 2 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Expanding Higher Education (continued)
Higher Education for African Americans
Not enough black college graduates to meet needs of communities
Booker T. Washington—racism will end if blacks get labor skills
Washington heads Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, now a university
W. E. B. Du Bois, first African American to get Harvard doctorate
disagrees with Washington
Du Bois founds Niagara Movement to encourage liberal arts study
believes well-educated future leaders needed, most “talented tenth”<br>
slide13. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Segregation and Discrimination LESSON 3 African Americans lead the fight against voting restrictions and Jim Crow laws.<br>
slide14. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Segregation and Discrimination LESSON 3 Legal Discrimination
For at least 10 years after Reconstruction, Southern blacks can vote
During nadir, Southern states enact laws to weaken African American political power
Voting Restrictions
By 1900, all Southern states restrict voting, deny equality
Some limit vote to those who can read; officials give literacy tests
Some have poll tax that must be paid annually to vote
Some add grandfather clause to constitution to let poor whites vote
can vote if self, father, grandfather voted before 1867

Jim Crow Laws
1870s, 1880s, Supreme Court allows poll tax, grandfather clause
Racial segregation laws separate races in private, public places
Segregation laws called Jim Crow laws after old minstrel song Continued…<br>
slide15. Lesson 3 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Legal Discrimination (continued)
Plessy v. Ferguson
1896 Plessy v. Ferguson—segregation legal in public places
Allows “separate but equal” doctrine if provide equal service<br>
slide16. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Segregation and Discrimination LESSON 3 Turn-of-the-Century Race Relations
Racial etiquette, informal rules for black-white relations; enforce second-class status for blacks
Washington vs. Du Bois
Moderate reformers, like Booker T. Washington, get white support
Washington argues for gradual approach to racial equality
W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells think problems too urgent to postpone
Du Bois demands full social and economic equality

Violence
African Americans who do not follow etiquette are punished, lynched
more than 1,400 killed 1882–1892
Wilmington Race Riots reveal how far Southern Whites will go to hold onto power Continued…<br>
slide17. Lesson 3 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Turn-of-the-Century Race Relations (continued)
African American Press
Hundreds of Black newspapers started in the South
Provide communities outlet to seek justice
Document racial violence

Discrimination in the North
Many blacks migrate North for better paying jobs, social equality
Are forced into segregated neighborhoods
Rejected by labor unions; hired last, fired first by employers
Competition between blacks, working-class whites sometimes violent<br>
slide18. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Segregation and Discrimination LESSON 3 Discrimination in the West
Minorities and immigrants in Western communities also faced discrimination
Mexican Workers
More Mexicans build railroads in Southwest than other ethnic groups
forced to work for less than other groups
Mexicans major labor force in Southwest agricultural industries
Some Southwest Mexicans, African Americans forced into debt peonage:
system of slavery to work off debt to employer
1911, Supreme Court declares unconstitutional

Excluding the Chinese
Whites fear job competition, push Chinese to separate areas, schools
Opposition to Chinese immigration leads to Chinese Exclusion Act Continued…<br>
slide19. Lesson 3 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Discrimination in the West (continued)
Native Americans
Faced discrimination and violence in the West
Native Americans not U.S. citizens
Many Whites oppose government efforts at naturalization
Citizenship not granted by Fourteenth Amendment
Groups fight for Native American civil rights
Women’s National Indian Association
Must assimilate to become citizens
Many Native Americans turn to Ghost Dance movement<br>
slide20. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Women in Public Life LESSON 4 As a result of social and economic change, many women enter public life as workers and reformers.<br>
slide21. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Women and Public Life LESSON 4 Women in the Work Force
Only middle-, upper-class women can devote selves to home, family
Poor women usually have to work for wages outside home
Farm Women
On Southern, Midwestern farms, women’s roles same as before
Perform household tasks, raise livestock, help with crops

Women in Industry
After 1900, 1 in 5 women hold jobs; 25% in manufacturing
50% industrial workers in garment trade; earn half of men’s wages
Jobs in offices, stores, classrooms require high school education
Business schools train bookkeepers, stenographers, typists Continued…<br>
slide22. Lesson 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Women in the Work Force (continued)
Domestic Workers
In 1870, 70% of employed women do domestic work
Many African-American, immigrant women do domestic labor
married immigrants take in piecework, boarders
Property Rights
Until mid-1800s, wages of women property of husband
1839, Mississippi passes Married Women’s Property Act<br>
slide23. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Women and Public Life LESSON 4 Women Lead Reform
Many female industrial workers seek to reform working conditions
Women form cultural clubs, sometimes become reform groups
Women in Higher Education
Many women active in public life have attended new women’s colleges
50% college-educated women never marry; many work on social reforms
Women and Reform
Women reformers target workplace, housing, education, food and drugs laws
National Association of Colored Women (NACW)—child care, education
Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton found National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
works for woman suffrage, or right to vote Continued…<br>
slide24. Lesson 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Women Lead Reform (continued)
A Three-Part Strategy for Suffrage
Convince state legislatures to give women right to vote
Test 14th Amendment, states lose representation if deny men vote
Push for constitutional amendment to give women the vote<br>
slide25. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal LESSON 5 As president, Theodore Roosevelt works to give citizens a Square Deal through progressive reforms.<br>
slide26. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal LESSON 5 A Rough-Riding President
Theodore Roosevelt was sickly child, drives self in athletics
Roosevelt’s Rise
Is ambitious, rises through New York politics to become governor
NY political bosses cannot control him, urge run for vice-president
President McKinley assassinated; Roosevelt becomes president
The Modern Presidency
Youngest president at 42 years old
His leadership, publicity campaigns help create modern presidency
Supports federal government role when states do not solve problems
Square Deal: Roosevelt’s progressive reforms<br>
slide27. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal LESSON 5 Using Federal Power
Roosevelt believes modern America requires powerful federal government
Trustbusting
By 1900, trusts control about 4/5 of U.S. industries
Roosevelt wants to curb trusts that hurt public interest
breaks up some trusts under Sherman Antitrust Act
1902 Coal Strike
Coal reserves low; forces miners, operators to accept arbitration
Sets principle of federal intervention when strike threatens public welfare
Railroad Regulation
Roosevelt pushes for federal regulation to control abuses
Elkins Act: stops rebates, sudden rate changes
Hepburn Act: limits passes, ICC to set maximum rates<br>
slide28. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal LESSON 5 Health and the Environment
Roosevelt works to enact laws to benefit public health and welfare and the environment
Regulating Foods and Drugs
Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle, unsanitary conditions in meatpacking
Roosevelt commission investigates, backs up Sinclair’s account
Roosevelt pushes for Meat Inspection Act:
dictates sanitary requirements
creates federal meat inspection program
Pure Food and Drug Act
Food, drug advertisements make false claims; medicines often unsafe
Pure Food and Drug Act halts sale of contaminated food, medicine
requires truth in labeling Continued…<br>
slide29. Lesson 5 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Health and the Environment (continued)
Conservation and Natural Resources
1887, U.S. Forest Bureau established
Private interests exploit natural environment
Conservation Measures
Roosevelt sets aside forest reserves, sanctuaries, national parks
Appoints professional conservationist to head U.S. Forest Service
To Roosevelt conservation means part preservation, part development for public
Newlands Act allows sale of public lands to fund irrigation projects
Water in the West managed by federal government<br>
slide30. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal LESSON 5 Roosevelt and Civil Rights
Roosevelt fails to support civil rights for African Americans
Supports individual African Americans in civil service
invites Booker T. Washington to White House
NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
goal is full equality among races
founded 1909 by W. E. B. Du Bois and black, white reformers<br>
slide31. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Progressivism Under Taft LESSON 6 Taft’s ambivalent approach to progressive reform leads to a split in the Republican Party and the loss of the presidency to the Democrats.<br>
slide32. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Progressivism Under Taft LESSON 6 Taft Becomes President
1908, Republican William Howard Taft wins with Roosevelt’s support
Taft Stumbles
Has cautiously progressive agenda
Gets little credit for successes, busting 90 trusts
Does not use presidential bully pulpit to arouse public opinion
The Payne-Aldrich Tariff
Taft signs Payne-Aldrich Tariff—compromise bill, moderate tariffs
Progressives angry, think he abandoned low tariffs, progressivism Continued…<br>
slide33. Lesson 6 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Taft Becomes President (continued)
Disputing Public Lands
Conservationists angry Richard A. Ballinger named interior secretary
Ballinger puts reserved lands in public domain
Interior official protests action, is fired, writes magazine exposé
Gifford Pinchot head of U.S. Forest Service
testifies against Ballinger
is fired by Taft<br>
slide34. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Progressivism Under Taft LESSON 6 The Republican Party Splits
Taft unable to hold two wings of Republican Party together; progressives vs. conservatives
Problems Within the Party
Republicans split over Taft’s support of House Speaker Joseph Cannon
Cannon weakens progressive agenda; progressives ally with Democrats
1910 midterm elections, Democrats get control of House
The Bull Moose Party
1912 convention, Taft people outmaneuver Roosevelt’s for nomination
Progressives form Bull Moose Party; nominate Roosevelt, call for:
more voter participation in government
woman suffrage
labor legislation, business controls
Runs against Democrat Woodrow Wilson, reform governor of NJ<br>
slide35. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Progressivism Under Taft LESSON 6 Democrats Win in 1912
Wilson endorses progressive platform called the New Freedom
wants stronger antitrust laws, banking reform, lower tariffs
calls all monopolies evil
Roosevelt wants oversight of big business; not all monopolies bad
Split between Taft and Roosevelt turns nasty
Socialist Party candidate Eugene V. Debs wants to end capitalism
Wilson wins great electoral victory; gets majority in Congress<br>
slide36. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Wilson’s New Freedom LESSON 7 Woodrow Wilson establishes a strong reform agenda as a progressive leader.<br>
slide37. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Wilson’s New Freedom LESSON 7 Wilson Wins Financial Reforms
Wilson wants federal government to attack concentrations of power to increase freedom for average citizens
Wilson’s Background
Wilson was lawyer, professor, president of Princeton University, NJ governor
As president, focuses on trusts, tariffs, high finance
Two Key Antitrust Measures
Clayton Antitrust Act stops companies buying stock to form monopoly
Ends injunctions against strikers unless threaten irreparable damage
Federal Trade Commission (FTC)—new “watchdog” agency
investigates regulatory violations
ends unfair business practices Continued…<br>
slide38. Lesson 7 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Wilson Wins Financial Reforms (continued)
A New Tax System
Wilson pushes for Underwood Act to substantially reduce tariffs
Sets precedent of giving State of the Union message in person
His use of bully pulpit leads to passage
Federal Income Tax
Sixteenth Amendment legalizes graduated federal income tax
Federal Reserve System
Federal Reserve System—private banking system under federal control
Nation divided into 12 districts; central bank in each district<br>
slide39. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Wilson’s New Freedom LESSON 7 Women Win Suffrage
Middle-class women lead the push for suffrage
By 1910, women have voting rights in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Washington, Idaho
Local Suffrage Battles
College-educated women spread suffrage message to working-class
Go door-to-door, take trolley tours, give speeches at stops
some adopt bold tactics of British suffragists
Catt and the National Movement
Carrie Chapman Catt, head of NAWSA, stresses organization, ties between workers, wide base of support, lobbying, ladylike behavior
National Woman’s Party aggressively pressures for suffrage amendment
Work of patriotic women in war effort influences politicians
1920 Nineteenth Amendment grants women right to vote<br>
slide40. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ‹#› Wilson’s New Freedom LESSON 7 Limits of Progressivism
The policies of Wilson and other progressive presidents fail on civil rights
Wilson and Civil Rights
As candidate, wins support of NAACP for favoring equal rights
As president, opposes anti-lynching legislation
Appoints fellow white Southerners to cabinet who extend segregation
NAACP feels betrayed; Wilson self-defense widens rift
The Twilight of Progressivism
Outbreak of World War I distracts Americans; reform efforts stall<br>
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