Robotics Fundamentals NCV2 www.futuremanagers.com

slide1. Robotics Fundamentals
NCV2<br>
slide2. www.futuremanagers.com INTRODUCTION
Most people think of industrial machines when they hear the word robot, but
robotics is so much more. There are service robots, robot assistants, research bots and robot toys – many parts of our lives are already helped by robotics. Module 1: Robots and our lives<br>
slide3. www.futuremanagers.com Module 1: Robots and our lives (continued) BASIC ROBOTICS CONCEPTS
Originally, robots were designed to do repetitive activities such as building
cars on an assembly line. However, they have since been used for diverse
activities such as fighting fires, cleaning houses and doing complex surgeries.
There are many different levels of robot intelligence, ranging from human-controlled bots to fully autonomous bots.<br>
slide4. www.futuremanagers.com Module 1: Robots and our lives (continued) ROBOTICS
Robotics is the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation and application of robots. The field is a combination of computer science, mechanical and electrical design, manufacturing and installation of robots.<br>
slide5. www.futuremanagers.com Module 1: Robots and our lives (continued) DIFFERENT ROBOTS AND THEIR ABILITIES
Preprogrammed robots;
Humanoid robots;
Autonomous robots;
Teleoperated robots; and
Augmented robots.<br>
slide6. www.futuremanagers.com Module 1: Robots and our lives (continued) DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF A TYPICAL ROBOTS
The robot builder will then add the mechanical parts that let the robot move (gears, axles, hinges, pulleys), the electromechanical machinery that does the moving (motors, pistons, solenoids) and finally the electronic parts to control everything (processor, sensors, displays, lights).<br>
slide7. www.futuremanagers.com Module 1: Robots and our lives (continued) DIFFERENCES AND APPLICATIONS OF ROBOTICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
From a mainly industrial focus, robotics has been rapidly expanding into
the challenges of the human world (human-centred and life-like robotics).
This new generation of robots is expected to work alongside humans safely
and reliably in homes, workplaces and communities, providing support in
services, entertainment, education, healthcare, manufacturing and assistance.<br>
slide8. www.futuremanagers.com Module 1: Robots and our lives (continued) THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A ROBOT AND AN INDUSTRIAL ROBOT
A robot can be described as an automated machine that is able to modify the environment in which it operates.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines an industrial robot as an “automatically controlled, reprogrammable multipurpose manipulator, programmable in three or more axes, which can be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications”.<br>
slide9. www.futuremanagers.com Module 1: Robots and our lives (continued) THE CONCEPT OF THE 5DS OF ROBOTS
When companies are looking to use automation (robots) to streamline their processes and systems, they may not be sure which processes to automate. The so-called 5Ds of robotisation help to decide whether a robot is suitable for the process or not. The 5Ds are derived from the following: Dirty;
Dull;
Dangerous;
Difficult;
Dear; and
Domestic.<br>
slide10. www.futuremanagers.com Module 1: Robots and our lives (continued) WHY ROBOTS WERE DEVELOPED IN TERMS OF PRECISION AND CONSISTENCY
In robotics, precision is often referred to as repeatability. It is the ability of a robot to repeatedly bring its end effector to the same position, in the same orientation, without error. It is important that robots act consistently and are predictable so that they can be trusted to perform their tasks reliably.<br>
slide11. www.futuremanagers.com Module 1: Robots and our lives (continued) THE USE OF ROBOTS IN TERMS OF THEIR PURPOSEFUL DESIGN
Robots should be well designed and constructed with the right components. They should be stable and strong enough to execute their functions. They should have the accuracy and precision to do their tasks safely and reliably. This requires understanding of concepts such as stability, sturdiness and movement.<br>
slide12. www.futuremanagers.com INTRODUCTION
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a process of making 3D solid objects from a computer-created design. Instead of printing two-dimensional (2D) (flat) images on paper, as inkjet and laser printers do, 3D printers create real, 3D objects. The process might appear complicated, but once you have acquired the basic knowledge and skills, you will find that using a 3D printer is quite simple and great fun. Module 2: 3D printing<br>
slide13. www.futuremanagers.com Module 2: 3D printing (continued) BASIC 3D PRINTING CONCEPTS
3D printing is a modern manufacturing method that allows objects to be
created directly from a digital file, typically by depositing material layer upon
layer.
3D printing is sometimes referred to as additive manufacturing, which
includes a wide range of technologies that can produce parts in different
materials. 3D printing technology allows us to produce complex shapes using fewer resources than the traditional manufacturing approaches.<br>
slide14. www.futuremanagers.com Module 2: 3D printing (continued) ADVANTAGES OF 3D PRINTING
Saves costs;
Produces less waste, which also makes it environmentally friendly;
Encourages greater design flexibility, as changes can be made easily;
Supports smaller manufacturing and design companies;
Increases precision;
Allows the production of parts in remote areas without access to regular deliveries.<br>
slide15. www.futuremanagers.com Module 2: 3D printing (continued) DISADVANTAGES OF 3D PRINTING
Only certain materials can be used.
There is no economy of scale, so larger-volume production runs are costly.
Parts are made layer by layer – items may therefore not be as strong as traditionally manufactured items.
There are limitations on the size of products.
Fake or counterfeit products can easily be made.
Post-processing can be difficult or hazardous, and often time consuming.<br>
slide16. www.futuremanagers.com Module 2: 3D printing (continued) THE CONCEPT OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
The most common understanding of additive manufacturing is that it is a computer-controlled process that creates 3D objects by laying down materials in a series of layers. Essentially, this is the same as the definition for 3D printing.<br>
slide17. www.futuremanagers.com Module 2: 3D printing (continued) DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS FOR 3D PRINTING
The most common applications of 3D printing technologies are:
Prototyping and manufacturing;
Education;
Medicine; and
Construction.<br>
slide18. www.futuremanagers.com Module 2: 3D printing (continued) THE 3D PRINTING PROCESS AND CATEGORIES OF PRINTERS
The specific methods and materials used are very much dependent on the printer type, the technology it uses and the object required, but the 3D printing process can always be divided into these three steps:
1. Design – Create or download a digital model
2. Slice – Use the digital model to create a file that tells the printer step by step how to create the model
3. Print – Load the relevant materials and files and make sure the printer is correctly set up to create the physical, 3D object.<br>
slide19. www.futuremanagers.com Module 2: 3D printing (continued) CONCEPTS AND OPERATIONS OF FDM
Fused deposition modelling, also known as fused filament fabrication, is the most widely used 3D printing process at consumer level. FDM machines manufacture parts by feeding a spool of thermoplastic filament, usually PLA or ABS, through a nozzle heated to around 200 °C. The nozzle moves horizontally and vertically in relation to the build plate or print bed, which can be heated.<br>
slide20. www.futuremanagers.com Module 2: 3D printing (continued) THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ABS AND PLA FILAMENTS
ABS is a non-thermoplastic polymer. ABS is widely used in 3D printing due to its high strength, slight flexibility and impressive durability. Parts printed in ABS can be left in the sun and put under much higher strain than those printed in PLA.
PLA, on the other hand, is biodegradable and non-toxic. It prints at low temperatures without producing toxic fumes, but is a lot weaker than ABS.<br>
slide21. www.futuremanagers.com Module 2: 3D printing (continued) DIFFERENT AREAS WHERE 3D PRINTING IS USED
3D printing is used in many different areas. In medical and research fields, laboratories are 3D-printing organic parts with the long-term goal of being able to print entire organs for use in transplants. Architects use 3D printers to quickly create accurate models of their designs to show their clients how the building will look when it’s completed. Scientists can create scale models for use in practical simulations. Automotive industries can not only prototype new parts, but can also print smaller versions of their cars to test aerodynamics before manufacturing them.<br>
slide22. www.futuremanagers.com Module 2: 3D printing (continued) EXAMPLES OF FDM PRINTERS
There are four different types of FDM printers:
Cartesian;
Delta;
Polar; and
Scara/Robotic arm.<br>
slide23. www.futuremanagers.com Module 2: 3D printing (continued) PRINTING A 3D OBJECT/ARTEFACTIt is important to know what different CAD programs are available. Should you wish to design your own parts, you can find many free tools that are more than capable of creating detailed models to print. CAD, which stands for computer aided design, and is a separate tool from the slicer.<br>
slide24. www.futuremanagers.com INTRODUCTION
Electricity is a powerful force of nature that seems chaotic at first glance. In
reality, it is a predictable, consistent form of energy that can be modelled with
the right knowledge. Module 3: Electronics for robotics<br>
slide25. www.futuremanagers.com Module 3: FMIS: Electronics for robotics (continued) BASIC CONCEPTS OF ELECTRICITY
The simple definition is that electricity is the flow of electric charge. Electric
charge is a little more complex to understand and requires understanding of
how atoms are built and interact.
Electrical properties are important in every electrical circuit; it is important
to know the meaning of each concept, the unit in which it is measured and
how it relates to the other properties before moving forward. They are as
important to electronics as adding and subtracting are to mathematics.<br>
slide26. www.futuremanagers.com Module 3: FMIS: Electronics for robotics (continued) ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: CURRENT
Current is the rate, or speed, at which electric charge flows. It can be defined as the amount of charge (the number of electrons) that passes a point in one second.<br>
slide27. www.futuremanagers.com Module 3: FMIS: Electronics for robotics (continued) ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: VOLTAGE
he force required to make an electric charge flow through a circuit is called voltage or potential difference. Voltage can be defined as the difference in electrical potential energy between two points.<br>
slide28. www.futuremanagers.com Module 3: FMIS: Electronics for robotics (continued) ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: RESISTANCE
Resistance is the measure of the opposition to electrical current flow in a circuit. Nearly every known material will resist the flow of electrons to some degree, even if it’s such a small effect that we can ignore it.<br>
slide29. www.futuremanagers.com Module 3: FMIS: Electronics for robotics (continued) ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: POWER
Electrical power is the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electrical circuit. In other words, it is the rate of doing work or expending energy.<br>
slide30. www.futuremanagers.com Module 3: FMIS: Electronics for robotics (continued) ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
An electrical circuit is a closed path in which electrons move to produce electric currents. This means that there must be a conductor from positive to negative, or from the voltage source to ground. Electricity can only flow if there is a closed loop, also known as a closed circuit.<br>
slide31. www.futuremanagers.com Module 3: FMIS: Electronics for robotics (continued) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AN ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT AND THE CONCEPT OF CONTINUITY
Electrical continuity refers to a complete uninterrupted path for the current to flow. For current to flow continuously (indefinitely) through a conductor, there must be a complete, unbroken path for it to move both into and out of the battery.<br>
slide32. www.futuremanagers.com Module 3: FMIS: Electronics for robotics (continued) OPEN AND CLOSED CIRCUITS
In an open circuit, the continuity of the path is interrupted, and current cannot flow.A closed circuit has an unbroken path from positive to negative, providing the continuity needed for current to flow.<br>
slide33. www.futuremanagers.com INTRODUCTION
Modern robots are, at their core, electronic devices that are programmed to
move mechanical parts around. A strong grasp of electronic components,
circuits, and programmable controllers is vital to the design and building of
robots.. Module 4: Components of a robot<br>
slide34. www.futuremanagers.com Module 4: Components of a robot (continued) BASIC CONCEPTS OF MICROCONTROLLERS AND SINGLE-BOARD COMPUTERS
There are two main types of PLC used in robotics: microcontrollers and
single-board computers (SBCs).
A microcontroller is defined as a compact integrated circuit (IC) designed to control one specific operation in an embedded system. In contrast, an SBC is a computer processor where the data-processing logic and control are included on a single IC.
.<br>
slide35. www.futuremanagers.com Module 4: Components of a robot (continued) INTRODUCTION TO BREADBOARDS, BREAKOUT BOARDS AND SOLDERLESS PROTOTYPING
When designing a project, it is important to be able to quickly test different
parts and circuits. Soldering parts onto a circuit board is a semi-permanent
option that makes it difficult to reuse parts or change the layout of the circuit.
Solderless prototyping is the ideal way to quickly and easily build new
circuits to see how well they work before making a more permanent, soldered breakout board. Solderless prototyping is usually done on a breadboard.<br>
slide36. www.futuremanagers.com Module 4: Components of a robot (continued) DEFINITION OF A BREADBOARD
A breadboard is a rectangular, plastic board with many small holes aligned in a grid. Electronic components and wires can be plugged into the holes, which use metal strips under the surface to connect the holes in a very specific pattern. The designer can use these connections to connect components together, achieving the same results as a PCB.<br>
slide37. www.futuremanagers.com Module 4: Components of a robot (continued) PASSIVE AND ACTIVE ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
Passive components and active components are two types of components that are used in electrical circuits and electronic projects.
Passive components are the simplest type of components and include resistors, capacitors, and push-buttons.
Active components include transistors, operational amplifiers (op-amps) and ICs such as analogue-to-digital converters.<br>
slide38. www.futuremanagers.com INTRODUCTION
Python and Scratch are programming languages that are used to write code to interact with and control the GPIO pins of the Raspberry Pi. Learning to program is very similar to learning to tell a good story the skill is useful no matter the language. The basic concepts of programming are similar regardless of the programming language you choose to learn. Basic Python constructs will be used to create simple programs. The overall aim is for you to write Python code to control digital and analogue inputs and to design, plan and build a simple prototype using components connected directly to the GPIO pins. Module 5: Programming<br>
slide39. www.futuremanagers.com Module 5: Programming (continued) BASIC CONCEPTS OF GPIO PROGRAMMING
GPIO pins serve to send and receive electrical signals based on the code you have written. You will learn how to write, modify, save and run a program to control the GPIO pins.
The code will treat the GPIOs as programmable switches with no idea of what the switches control. The same code that blinks an LED can be used to spin a motor for short bursts. In robotics, the programming is a part of the overall system, and it has to work together with the electronic and mechanical systems to create a working robot.<br>
slide40. www.futuremanagers.com Module 5: Programming (continued) PROGRAMMING
Programming can be defined as the implementation of logic to enable specified computing operations and functionality. In other words, programming is putting together a set of logical instructions, using a language that the computer can understand, to tell the computer what to do.<br>
slide41. www.futuremanagers.com INTRODUCTION
With an understanding of electricity, 3D printing, circuit design and programming, you can design and build your very own robot. Module 6: Practical robotics<br>
slide42. www.futuremanagers.com Module 6: Practical robotics (continued) PRACTICAL ROBOTICS PROJECTS
Getting to know the tools and practicalities of assembling a robot from instructions is the focus here. Finding guides and instructions online is a great way to practise building well-designed systems and see different types of technology in action.
You must be able to build a robot using the instructions included with the
Raspberry Pi. You will need to complete the following tasks: 3D printing and design, assembling a kit, calibrating the robot and programming and testing the it.<br>
slide43. www.futuremanagers.com Module 6: Practical robotics (continued) DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATEDARTEFACT OR PROTOTYPE
Creating artefacts from scratch will test your ability to create solutions to solve problems. It’s key to analyse a given problem, plan your project accordingly by following design steps, have the required design components, be able to present a clear breakdown of the required components, design the applicable schematics, use the applicable software prototyping and design tools, understand the code composition, develop and debug the source code and test the artefact.<br>