Space, Time, and Crime FOURTH EDITION Hart &

Chapter 1: Places and Spaces in History Interest in the examination of crime and space dates back to early 1800s
Adriano Balbi and Andre-Michel Guerry are usually credited with being first creators of maps of crime
First national crime stats were released in France in 1827; combined with census data
Balbi & Guerry found that wealthy areas had high property crime; areas with low education had low rates of violent crimes Copyright © 2015 Timothy C. Hart, Kim Michelle Lersch. All rights reserved.<br>

Work of Adolphe Quetelet Quetelet was a mathematician; able to use sophisticated stats
Found young, poor, male, and unemployed persons were more likely to commit crimes
Found fewer reported crimes in areas with high poverty, unemployment
Concluded crimes were more likely to be committed by poor & unemployed against wealthy, educated persons
Inequality was important; felt poor were drawn into wealthier areas to commit crimes Copyright © 2015 Timothy C. Hart, Kim Michelle Lersch. All rights reserved.<br>

Declining interest in geography of crime Analysis was difficult without calculators or statistical programs
Data availability was poor; France was exception
In U.S. there was no bank of modern, national data
Study of geography of crime in U.S. sat dormant until Chicago School of Criminology, early 1900s Copyright © 2015 Timothy C. Hart, Kim Michelle Lersch. All rights reserved.<br>

What is Space? Places versus spaces
Places
Ex: house, business, classroom, individual address, etc.
Places are much smaller than spaces
A place is an individual point in a space
Spaces
Neighborhoods, census tracts, larger territories Copyright © 2015 Timothy C. Hart, Kim Michelle Lersch. All rights reserved.<br>

Defining Spaces Spaces may be defined a number of ways
“Official” boundaries—census blocks, crime tracts, planned neighborhoods by developers, etc.
Informal boundaries—where do residents define their neighborhood? May not coincide with “official” boundaries
Personal boundaries—defined by cognitive or internal mental maps Copyright © 2015 Timothy C. Hart, Kim Michelle Lersch. All rights reserved.<br>

What is Time? Study of time in relation to the occurrence of crimes is called temporal analysis
Table on Page 8: High risk places and times
More likely to be a victim of homicide / agg. assault during evening hours on a weekend
More likely to have your home broken into during the daytime on a weekday Copyright © 2015 Timothy C. Hart, Kim Michelle Lersch. All rights reserved.<br>

Moments in Time Moment: Provides the time that a crime occurred in space—when and where
Pinpointing time of a crime can be difficult
Exact time crimes
Time may be determined with relative accuracy by victim
More likely to be violent personal crimes, such as robbery, rape, assault Copyright © 2015 Timothy C. Hart, Kim Michelle Lersch. All rights reserved.<br>

The full set of PowerPoint slides is available upon adoption. Email bhall@cap-press.com for more information.<br>