The Evolving Role of the Librarian: Trends and
Description: The Evolving Role of the Librarian: Trends and Issues in Technology and collection Management Marshall Breeding Independent Consult, Author, Founder and Publisher, Library Technology Guides http:www.librarytechnology.org
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slide1. The Evolving Role of the Librarian: Trends and Issues in Technology and collection Management Marshall Breeding
Independent Consult, Author,
Founder and Publisher, Library Technology Guides
http://www.librarytechnology.org/
http://twitter.com/mbreeding Feb 15, 2013 Offline Technology Conference<br>
slide2. Library Technology Guides www.librarytechnology.org<br>
slide3. Each Library Type Distinctive Academic – Public – School – Special
Academic: Emphasis on subscribed electronic resources
Public: Engaged in the management of print collections
Dramatic increase in interest in E-books
School: Age-appropriate resources (print and Web), textbook and media management
Special: Enterprise knowledge management (Corporate, Law, Medical, etc)<br>
slide4. Academic Library Issues Greater concern with electronic scholarly articles
Management: Need for consolidated approach that balances print, digital, and electronic workflows
Access: discovery interfaces that maximize the value of investments in subscriptions to scholarly articles and research materials<br>
slide5. Public Library Issues Greater concern for e-books and general article databases
Management: Need for consolidated approach that balances print, digital, and electronic workflows
Emphasis on technologies that engage users with library programs and services<br>
slide6. Key Context: Libraries in Transition Academic Shift from Print > Electronic
E-journal transition largely complete
Circulation of print collections slowing
E-books now in play (consultation > reading)
Public: Emphasis on Patron Engagement
Increased pressure on physical facilities
Increased circulation of print collections
Dramatic increase in interest in e-books
All libraries:
Need better tools for access to complex multi-format collections
Strong emphasis on digitizing local collections
Demands for enterprise integration and interoperability<br>
slide7. Key Context: Technologies in transition Client / Server > Web-based computing
Beyond Web 2.0
Integration of social computing into core infrastructure
Local computing shifting to cloud platforms
Application Service Provider offerings standard
New expectations for multi-tenant software-as-a-service
Full spectrum of devices
full-scale / net book / tablet / mobile
Mobile the current focus, but is only one example of device and interface cycles<br>
slide8. Key Context: Changed expectations in metadata management Moving away from individual record-by-record creation
Life cycle of metadata
Metadata follows the supply chain, improved and enhanced along the way as needed
Manage metadata in bulk when possible
E-book collections
Highly shared metadata
E-journal knowledge bases (KnowledgeWorks / 360 Core)
Great interest in moving toward semantic web and open linked data
Very little progress in linked data for operational systems
AACR2 > RDA
MARC > RDF (recent announcement of Library of Congress)<br>
slide9. Changing Role of Librarians Libraries must adapt strategically to new realities imposed by changes in society, publishing, and higher education
Librarians needed more than ever before
Librarians must adapt in the way they carry out their roles
Same strategic goals and values
New skills and workflows
All roles in the library:
Cataloging / Acquisitions
Circulation
Reference<br>
slide10. Reference services Reshaped by easy access to information
More of an emphasis for higher-level research assistance
Opportunity to become involved more closely with researchers<br>
slide11. Acquisitions / Technical services Dramatic change from print to electronic
Dominant role of electronic vs print
Need management processes and automation systems able to support electronic, digital, print
General shift toward knowledge-base driven management processes
Electronic resource management based on profile of subscriptions, with granular holdings derived from knowledge bases.
New automation systems offering comprehensive resource management:
Library Services Platforms<br>
slide12. Cataloging Shift from traditional cataloging to metadata management
Leverage core skills of detailed description and organization
Adapt to new metadata schemes
Print materials: MARC21, etc
Digital materials: Dublin Core
Images: VRA<br>
slide13. Open Linked Data Increasing interest and involvement of libraries in the semantic web
Important to adapt from self-contained bibliographic records to a fully linked environment
Library resources based on linked data
VIAF: linked authority data
Fast: Faceted access to subject terminology
WorldCat.org (embedded linked data using schema.org)<br>
slide14. New cataloging rules AACR2 > RDA
Resource Description and Access
Intended to be more suitable for linked data environments
Small step toward the semantic Web<br>
slide15. New Bibliographic Environment MARC not well suited to modern discovery and management environments
Originally designed to transfer bibliographic records between mainframes
Can be expressed in XML: MARCXML
New initiative to create new carrier for bibliographic records based on RDF
Library of Congress Initiative for Bibliographic Transformation
Bibframe.org<br>
slide16. Changes in workflow Moving away from item-by-item description
Need to manage collections in bulk
Lifecycle approach to metadata
Basic Vendor records (Onix)
Full / Provisional record with full bibliographic description and inventory management
Enhance with cover images
Enhance with abstracts, Table of Contents, etc
Enhance with Full Text<br>
slide17. Navigating changes Build on core skills and values
Must adapt to new metadata formats and cataloging conventions
Changes will happen with increasing frequency<br>
slide18. Collection Development New formats, more complexity, more opportunity
Need data to make intelligent decisions about what items to acquire
Management of e-resources critical<br>
slide19. Providing access to collections More complexity, more formats
Need tools to provide access to all types of library materials<br>
slide20. Cooperation and Resource sharing Limited resources and finite collections drive strategic efforts to share resources
Local, regional, Global
Efforts on many fronts to cooperate and consolidate<br>
slide21. Automation support for Resource sharing Increased emphasis on shared infrastructure
Isolated systems make resource sharing inefficient
Many regional consortia merging (Example: suburban Chicago systems)
State-wide or national implementations
Software-as-a-service or “cloud” based implementations
Many libraries share computing infrastructure and data resources<br>
slide22. Cloud Computing Major trend in Information Technology
Few organizations have core competence in large-scale computer infrastructure management
Essentially outsourcing of server housing and management
Usually based on a consumption-based business model
Most new automation products delivered through some flavor of cloud computing
Many flavors to suit business needs: public, private, hybrid<br>
slide23. Software as a Service Multi Tennant SaaS is the modern approach
One copy of the code base serves multiple sites
Software functionality delivered entirely through Web interfaces
No workstation clients
Upgrades and fixes deployed universally
Usually in small increments<br>
slide24. Data as a service SaaS provides opportunity for highly shared data models
WorldCat: one globally shared copy that serves all libraries
Primo Central: central index of articles maintained by Ex Libris shared by all libraries implementing Primo / Primo Central
KnowledgeWorks database of of e-journal holdings shared among all customers of Serials Solutions products
General opportunity to move away from library-by-library metadata management to globally shared workflows<br>
slide25. Open Systems Achieving openness has risen as the key driver behind library technology strategies
Libraries need to do more with their data
Ability to improve customer experience and operational efficiencies
Demand for Interoperability
Open source – full access to internal program of the application
Open API’s – expose programmatic interfaces to data and functionality<br>
slide26. Mobile Computing<br>
slide27. Challenge: Disjointed approach to information and service delivery Library Web sites offer a menu of unconnected silos:
Books: Library OPAC (ILS online catalog module)
Articles: Aggregated content products, e-journal collections
OpenURL linking services
E-journal finding aids (Often managed by link resolver)
Subject guides (e.g. Springshare LibGuides)
Local digital collections
ETDs, photos, rich media collections
Metasearch engines
Discovery Services – often just another choice among many
All searched separately<br>
slide28. Online Catalog Books, Journals, and Media at the Title Level
Not in scope:
Articles
Book Chapters
Digital objects
Web site content
Etc. Scope of Search Search Results ILS Data<br>
slide29. Discovery Interface search model Digital Collections ProQuest EBSCOhost … MLA Bibliography ABC-CLIO Search Results Real-time query and responses ILS Data Local Index MetaSearch Engine<br>
slide30. Differentiation in Discovery Products increasingly specialized between public and academic libraries
Public libraries: emphasis on engagement with physical collection
Academic libraries: concern for discovery of heterogeneous material types, especially books + articles + digital objects<br>
slide31. Web-scale Index-based Discovery Digital Collections Web Site Content Institutional Repositories … E-Journals Reference Sources Search Results Pre-built harvesting and indexing Consolidated Index ILS Data Aggregated Content packages (2009- present)<br>
slide32. Citations / Metadata > Full Text Citations or structured metadata provide key data to power search & retrieval and faceted navigation
Indexing Full-text of content amplifies access
Important to understand depth indexing
Currency, dates covered, full-text or citation
Many other factors<br>
slide33. Challenge for Relevancy Technically feasible to index hundreds of millions or billions of records through Lucene or SOLR
Difficult to order records in ways that make sense
Many fairly equivalent candidates returned for any given query
Must rely on use-based and social factors to improve relevancy rankings<br>
slide34. Challenges for Collection Coverage To work effectively, discovery services need to cover comprehensively the body of content represented in library collections
What about publishers that do not participate?
Is content indexed at the citation or full-text level?
What are the restrictions for non-authenticated users?
How can libraries understand the differences in coverage among competing services?<br>
slide35. The rise of e-books Academic libraries: e-books included in aggregated content packages
E-books used primarily for research and consultation, not long reading
Public Libraries: Subscriptions to e-book services that provide an outsourced collection of loanable e-books
K-12 Schools, Colleges, Universities: interest in electronic textbooks<br>
slide36. Integrating e-Books into Library Automation Infrastructure Current approach involves mostly outsourced arrangements
Collections licensed wholesale from single provider
Hand-off to DRM and delivery systems of providers
Loading of MARC records into local catalog with linking mechanisms
No ability to see availability status of e-books from the library’s online catalog or discovery interface<br>
slide37. Appropriate Automation Infrastructure Current automation products out of step with current realities
Majority of library collection funds spent on electronic content
Majority of automation efforts support print activities
Management of e-content continues with inadequate supporting infrastructure
New discovery solutions help with access to e-content
Library users expect more engaging socially aware interfaces for Web and mobile<br>
slide38. Fundamental technology shift Mainframe computing
Client/Server
Cloud Computing http://www.flickr.com/photos/carrick/61952845/ http://soacloudcomputing.blogspot.com/2008/10/cloud-computing.html http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-10-2001/jw-1019-jxta.html<br>
slide39. Library Automation in the Cloud Almost all library automation vendors offer some form of “cloud-based” services
Server management moves from library to Vendor
Subscription-based business model
Comprehensive annual subscription payment
Offsets local server purchase and maintenance
Offsets some local technology support<br>
slide40. Leveraging the Cloud Moving legacy systems to hosted services provides some savings to individual institutions but does not result in dramatic transformation
Globally shared data and metadata models have the potential to achieve new levels of operational efficiencies and more powerful discovery and automation scenarios that improve the position of libraries overall.<br>
slide41. Is the status quo sustainable? ILS for management of (mostly) print
Duplicative financial systems between library and campus
Electronic Resource Management (non-integrated with ILS)
OpenURL Link Resolver w/ knowledge base for access to full-text electronic articles
Digital Collections Management platforms (CONTENTdm, DigiTool, etc.)
Institutional Repositories (DSpace, Fedora, etc.)
Discovery-layer services for broader access to library collections
No effective integration services / interoperability among disconnected systems, non-aligned metadata schemes<br>
slide42. Comprehensive Resource Management No longer sensible to use different software platforms for managing different types of library materials
ILS + ERM + OpenURL Resolver + Digital Asset management, etc. very inefficient model
Flexible platform capable of managing multiple type of library materials, multiple metadata formats, with appropriate workflows<br>
slide43. Libraries need a new model of library automation Not an Integrated Library System or Library Management System
The ILS/LMS was designed to help libraries manage print collections
Generally did not evolve to manage electronic collections
Other library automation products evolved:
Electronic Resource Management Systems – OpenURL Link Resolvers – Digital Library Management Systems -- Institutional Repositories<br>
slide44. Library Services Platform Library-specific software. Designed to help libraries automate their internal operations, manage collections, fulfill requests, and deliver services
Services
Service oriented architecture
Exposes Web services and other API’s
Facilitates the services libraries offer to their users
Platform
General infrastructure for library automation
Consistent with the concept of Platform as a Service
Library programmers address the APIs of the platform to extend functionality, create connections with other systems, dynamically interact with data<br>
slide45. Library Services Platform Characteristics Highly Shared data models
Knowledgebase architecture
Some may take hybrid approach to accommodate local data stores
Delivered through software as a service
Multi-tenant
Unified workflows across formats and media
Flexible metadata management
MARC – Dublin Core – VRA – MODS – ONIX
New structures not yet invented
Open APIs for extensibility and interoperability<br>
slide46. New Library Management Model Library Services Platform Learning Management Enterprise Resource Planning Stock Management Self-Check / Automated Return Authentication Service Smart Cad / Payment systems Discovery Service<br>
slide47. Questions and discussion<br>
Independent Consult, Author,
Founder and Publisher, Library Technology Guides
http://www.librarytechnology.org/
http://twitter.com/mbreeding Feb 15, 2013 Offline Technology Conference<br>
slide2. Library Technology Guides www.librarytechnology.org<br>
slide3. Each Library Type Distinctive Academic – Public – School – Special
Academic: Emphasis on subscribed electronic resources
Public: Engaged in the management of print collections
Dramatic increase in interest in E-books
School: Age-appropriate resources (print and Web), textbook and media management
Special: Enterprise knowledge management (Corporate, Law, Medical, etc)<br>
slide4. Academic Library Issues Greater concern with electronic scholarly articles
Management: Need for consolidated approach that balances print, digital, and electronic workflows
Access: discovery interfaces that maximize the value of investments in subscriptions to scholarly articles and research materials<br>
slide5. Public Library Issues Greater concern for e-books and general article databases
Management: Need for consolidated approach that balances print, digital, and electronic workflows
Emphasis on technologies that engage users with library programs and services<br>
slide6. Key Context: Libraries in Transition Academic Shift from Print > Electronic
E-journal transition largely complete
Circulation of print collections slowing
E-books now in play (consultation > reading)
Public: Emphasis on Patron Engagement
Increased pressure on physical facilities
Increased circulation of print collections
Dramatic increase in interest in e-books
All libraries:
Need better tools for access to complex multi-format collections
Strong emphasis on digitizing local collections
Demands for enterprise integration and interoperability<br>
slide7. Key Context: Technologies in transition Client / Server > Web-based computing
Beyond Web 2.0
Integration of social computing into core infrastructure
Local computing shifting to cloud platforms
Application Service Provider offerings standard
New expectations for multi-tenant software-as-a-service
Full spectrum of devices
full-scale / net book / tablet / mobile
Mobile the current focus, but is only one example of device and interface cycles<br>
slide8. Key Context: Changed expectations in metadata management Moving away from individual record-by-record creation
Life cycle of metadata
Metadata follows the supply chain, improved and enhanced along the way as needed
Manage metadata in bulk when possible
E-book collections
Highly shared metadata
E-journal knowledge bases (KnowledgeWorks / 360 Core)
Great interest in moving toward semantic web and open linked data
Very little progress in linked data for operational systems
AACR2 > RDA
MARC > RDF (recent announcement of Library of Congress)<br>
slide9. Changing Role of Librarians Libraries must adapt strategically to new realities imposed by changes in society, publishing, and higher education
Librarians needed more than ever before
Librarians must adapt in the way they carry out their roles
Same strategic goals and values
New skills and workflows
All roles in the library:
Cataloging / Acquisitions
Circulation
Reference<br>
slide10. Reference services Reshaped by easy access to information
More of an emphasis for higher-level research assistance
Opportunity to become involved more closely with researchers<br>
slide11. Acquisitions / Technical services Dramatic change from print to electronic
Dominant role of electronic vs print
Need management processes and automation systems able to support electronic, digital, print
General shift toward knowledge-base driven management processes
Electronic resource management based on profile of subscriptions, with granular holdings derived from knowledge bases.
New automation systems offering comprehensive resource management:
Library Services Platforms<br>
slide12. Cataloging Shift from traditional cataloging to metadata management
Leverage core skills of detailed description and organization
Adapt to new metadata schemes
Print materials: MARC21, etc
Digital materials: Dublin Core
Images: VRA<br>
slide13. Open Linked Data Increasing interest and involvement of libraries in the semantic web
Important to adapt from self-contained bibliographic records to a fully linked environment
Library resources based on linked data
VIAF: linked authority data
Fast: Faceted access to subject terminology
WorldCat.org (embedded linked data using schema.org)<br>
slide14. New cataloging rules AACR2 > RDA
Resource Description and Access
Intended to be more suitable for linked data environments
Small step toward the semantic Web<br>
slide15. New Bibliographic Environment MARC not well suited to modern discovery and management environments
Originally designed to transfer bibliographic records between mainframes
Can be expressed in XML: MARCXML
New initiative to create new carrier for bibliographic records based on RDF
Library of Congress Initiative for Bibliographic Transformation
Bibframe.org<br>
slide16. Changes in workflow Moving away from item-by-item description
Need to manage collections in bulk
Lifecycle approach to metadata
Basic Vendor records (Onix)
Full / Provisional record with full bibliographic description and inventory management
Enhance with cover images
Enhance with abstracts, Table of Contents, etc
Enhance with Full Text<br>
slide17. Navigating changes Build on core skills and values
Must adapt to new metadata formats and cataloging conventions
Changes will happen with increasing frequency<br>
slide18. Collection Development New formats, more complexity, more opportunity
Need data to make intelligent decisions about what items to acquire
Management of e-resources critical<br>
slide19. Providing access to collections More complexity, more formats
Need tools to provide access to all types of library materials<br>
slide20. Cooperation and Resource sharing Limited resources and finite collections drive strategic efforts to share resources
Local, regional, Global
Efforts on many fronts to cooperate and consolidate<br>
slide21. Automation support for Resource sharing Increased emphasis on shared infrastructure
Isolated systems make resource sharing inefficient
Many regional consortia merging (Example: suburban Chicago systems)
State-wide or national implementations
Software-as-a-service or “cloud” based implementations
Many libraries share computing infrastructure and data resources<br>
slide22. Cloud Computing Major trend in Information Technology
Few organizations have core competence in large-scale computer infrastructure management
Essentially outsourcing of server housing and management
Usually based on a consumption-based business model
Most new automation products delivered through some flavor of cloud computing
Many flavors to suit business needs: public, private, hybrid<br>
slide23. Software as a Service Multi Tennant SaaS is the modern approach
One copy of the code base serves multiple sites
Software functionality delivered entirely through Web interfaces
No workstation clients
Upgrades and fixes deployed universally
Usually in small increments<br>
slide24. Data as a service SaaS provides opportunity for highly shared data models
WorldCat: one globally shared copy that serves all libraries
Primo Central: central index of articles maintained by Ex Libris shared by all libraries implementing Primo / Primo Central
KnowledgeWorks database of of e-journal holdings shared among all customers of Serials Solutions products
General opportunity to move away from library-by-library metadata management to globally shared workflows<br>
slide25. Open Systems Achieving openness has risen as the key driver behind library technology strategies
Libraries need to do more with their data
Ability to improve customer experience and operational efficiencies
Demand for Interoperability
Open source – full access to internal program of the application
Open API’s – expose programmatic interfaces to data and functionality<br>
slide26. Mobile Computing<br>
slide27. Challenge: Disjointed approach to information and service delivery Library Web sites offer a menu of unconnected silos:
Books: Library OPAC (ILS online catalog module)
Articles: Aggregated content products, e-journal collections
OpenURL linking services
E-journal finding aids (Often managed by link resolver)
Subject guides (e.g. Springshare LibGuides)
Local digital collections
ETDs, photos, rich media collections
Metasearch engines
Discovery Services – often just another choice among many
All searched separately<br>
slide28. Online Catalog Books, Journals, and Media at the Title Level
Not in scope:
Articles
Book Chapters
Digital objects
Web site content
Etc. Scope of Search Search Results ILS Data<br>
slide29. Discovery Interface search model Digital Collections ProQuest EBSCOhost … MLA Bibliography ABC-CLIO Search Results Real-time query and responses ILS Data Local Index MetaSearch Engine<br>
slide30. Differentiation in Discovery Products increasingly specialized between public and academic libraries
Public libraries: emphasis on engagement with physical collection
Academic libraries: concern for discovery of heterogeneous material types, especially books + articles + digital objects<br>
slide31. Web-scale Index-based Discovery Digital Collections Web Site Content Institutional Repositories … E-Journals Reference Sources Search Results Pre-built harvesting and indexing Consolidated Index ILS Data Aggregated Content packages (2009- present)<br>
slide32. Citations / Metadata > Full Text Citations or structured metadata provide key data to power search & retrieval and faceted navigation
Indexing Full-text of content amplifies access
Important to understand depth indexing
Currency, dates covered, full-text or citation
Many other factors<br>
slide33. Challenge for Relevancy Technically feasible to index hundreds of millions or billions of records through Lucene or SOLR
Difficult to order records in ways that make sense
Many fairly equivalent candidates returned for any given query
Must rely on use-based and social factors to improve relevancy rankings<br>
slide34. Challenges for Collection Coverage To work effectively, discovery services need to cover comprehensively the body of content represented in library collections
What about publishers that do not participate?
Is content indexed at the citation or full-text level?
What are the restrictions for non-authenticated users?
How can libraries understand the differences in coverage among competing services?<br>
slide35. The rise of e-books Academic libraries: e-books included in aggregated content packages
E-books used primarily for research and consultation, not long reading
Public Libraries: Subscriptions to e-book services that provide an outsourced collection of loanable e-books
K-12 Schools, Colleges, Universities: interest in electronic textbooks<br>
slide36. Integrating e-Books into Library Automation Infrastructure Current approach involves mostly outsourced arrangements
Collections licensed wholesale from single provider
Hand-off to DRM and delivery systems of providers
Loading of MARC records into local catalog with linking mechanisms
No ability to see availability status of e-books from the library’s online catalog or discovery interface<br>
slide37. Appropriate Automation Infrastructure Current automation products out of step with current realities
Majority of library collection funds spent on electronic content
Majority of automation efforts support print activities
Management of e-content continues with inadequate supporting infrastructure
New discovery solutions help with access to e-content
Library users expect more engaging socially aware interfaces for Web and mobile<br>
slide38. Fundamental technology shift Mainframe computing
Client/Server
Cloud Computing http://www.flickr.com/photos/carrick/61952845/ http://soacloudcomputing.blogspot.com/2008/10/cloud-computing.html http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-10-2001/jw-1019-jxta.html<br>
slide39. Library Automation in the Cloud Almost all library automation vendors offer some form of “cloud-based” services
Server management moves from library to Vendor
Subscription-based business model
Comprehensive annual subscription payment
Offsets local server purchase and maintenance
Offsets some local technology support<br>
slide40. Leveraging the Cloud Moving legacy systems to hosted services provides some savings to individual institutions but does not result in dramatic transformation
Globally shared data and metadata models have the potential to achieve new levels of operational efficiencies and more powerful discovery and automation scenarios that improve the position of libraries overall.<br>
slide41. Is the status quo sustainable? ILS for management of (mostly) print
Duplicative financial systems between library and campus
Electronic Resource Management (non-integrated with ILS)
OpenURL Link Resolver w/ knowledge base for access to full-text electronic articles
Digital Collections Management platforms (CONTENTdm, DigiTool, etc.)
Institutional Repositories (DSpace, Fedora, etc.)
Discovery-layer services for broader access to library collections
No effective integration services / interoperability among disconnected systems, non-aligned metadata schemes<br>
slide42. Comprehensive Resource Management No longer sensible to use different software platforms for managing different types of library materials
ILS + ERM + OpenURL Resolver + Digital Asset management, etc. very inefficient model
Flexible platform capable of managing multiple type of library materials, multiple metadata formats, with appropriate workflows<br>
slide43. Libraries need a new model of library automation Not an Integrated Library System or Library Management System
The ILS/LMS was designed to help libraries manage print collections
Generally did not evolve to manage electronic collections
Other library automation products evolved:
Electronic Resource Management Systems – OpenURL Link Resolvers – Digital Library Management Systems -- Institutional Repositories<br>
slide44. Library Services Platform Library-specific software. Designed to help libraries automate their internal operations, manage collections, fulfill requests, and deliver services
Services
Service oriented architecture
Exposes Web services and other API’s
Facilitates the services libraries offer to their users
Platform
General infrastructure for library automation
Consistent with the concept of Platform as a Service
Library programmers address the APIs of the platform to extend functionality, create connections with other systems, dynamically interact with data<br>
slide45. Library Services Platform Characteristics Highly Shared data models
Knowledgebase architecture
Some may take hybrid approach to accommodate local data stores
Delivered through software as a service
Multi-tenant
Unified workflows across formats and media
Flexible metadata management
MARC – Dublin Core – VRA – MODS – ONIX
New structures not yet invented
Open APIs for extensibility and interoperability<br>
slide46. New Library Management Model Library Services Platform Learning Management Enterprise Resource Planning Stock Management Self-Check / Automated Return Authentication Service Smart Cad / Payment systems Discovery Service<br>
slide47. Questions and discussion<br>