Accompanying PowerPoint Presentation Reduce the number of specimens used by a class Increase the quality of the dissection for the students Review opportunity increasing the learning experience for the students ID: 912727
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Reasons to Use the Dissection Video and Accompanying PowerPoint Presentation Reduce the number of specimens used by a class Increase the quality of the dissection for the students Review opportunity, increasing the learning experience for the studentsStudent unable to dissect due to pregnancy or hypersensitivity to the preservatives Student chooses not to dissect due to ethical/moral reasons
Dissection 101:
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Slide2Dissection 101:As an educator you are responsible for the implementation of the dissection activity described in the video and PowerPoint. You must have safety procedures and rules established for your classroom and make sure all of the students follow the rules to ensure a safe environment. South Dakota Public Broadcasting and Dakota State University cannot in any way be responsible or liable for any injury as a result of performing the described dissection. Complete the dissection if you feel it is appropriate and safe for your individual class. Have fun and stay safe!
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Safety Considerations
Age appropriate activity for the children in your care
Safety Data Sheet (SDS) available for accident reference
Poison control number/phone readily available
Latex free gloves, eye protection and apron/lab coat
Eyewash station, shower and sink
Sharp instruments (cut away from self and others)
Sharps and specimen(s) disposal
Encourage students to report all accidents
Basic science laboratory rules (strictly enforced)
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Dissection 101:
Cow Eye
Slide4ClickExterior of the Cow Eye External Orientation
Side view
Cornea: Anterior protective covering of the eye; transparent allowing light to enter; appears cloudy due to preservation process
Essential Fat: White/grey in color; provides protection/cushion
Slide5ClickGetting Started
Use a scissors or scalpel to remove the excess fat from the eyeball (capsule); always cut away from yourself
The extrinsic muscles, which are used to move the eye, should also be removed (appear marbled, similar to the look and texture of a raw steak or roast)
Do not remove the optic nerve
Dissection 101:
Cow Eye
Optic nerve
Extrinsic muscles
Student Cuts:
YouTube
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Optic nerve, chord-like structure protruding from the back of the eye; carries nervous signal from the retina to the posterior (occipital) region of the brain
Dissection 101:
Cow Eye
Slide7Dissection 101:
Cow Eye
Continue using a scissors or scalpel to remove the fat, connective tissue and muscle from the back of the eye
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Dissection 101:
Cow Eye
Use the point of a scissors or a scalpel to make an incision through the layers of the eye capsule (similar to figure 1); there are three layers from the exterior: sclera (whitish/grey, continuous with the transparent cornea), choroid (thin dark black layer), and the retina (thin greyish/pink layer)
Use a scissors to dissect the entire circumference of the capsule (see figure 2); do not cut toward the cornea
Figure 1
Figure 2
Student Cuts:
YouTube
Slide9Dissection 101:Cow Eye
Using steady pressure, pull the two sections slowly apart
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Vitreous humor: Jelly-like
material, provides
shape/support for the eyeball; helps hold retina in place
Slide10Dissection 101:Cow Eye
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Many times the greyish/pink retina is attached to the vitreous humor, carefully remove/scrape the retina from the vitreous humor and lay it on the back of the eyeball.
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Vitreous humor removed, retina against the
back of the eye
Student Cuts:
YouTube
Using your finger or a forceps, carefully scrape any of the jelly-like vitreous humor that is attached to the front of the eye
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Slide11Dissection 101:Cow Eye
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Retina: Nervous tissue, location of the photo receptors (cones for sharp color vision and rods for night, dark/shaded vision); light energy converted to electrical impulse; the retina is continuous with the optic nerve which leaves the back of the eye carrying the nervous impulse to the brain
Slide12Dissection 101:Cow Eye
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Retina
Optic nerve
Optic disc (blind spot): location on the retina where the retina attaches to the optic nerve, sight does not occur at this location because there are no cones or rods present
Slide13Dissection 101:Cow Eye
Many laboratory books label the fovea centralis/macula, which is the location in eye where the sharpest vision occurs; the fovea centralis/macula is dense with cones and is the location of focus during lighted conditions, like reading (in humans); the fovea centralis/macula appears as a depression in the retina, but it is very difficult to find
(Note: know the function for the quiz, identification is not required )
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Slide14Dissection 101:Cow Eye
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Choroid: Dark layer of the eye, rich with blood vessels; reduces scattering of light and provides nourishment for the eye
Choroid shown folded
forward in this image
Many vertebrates like the cow
, deer,
and cat have a tapetum lucidum which is an iridescent, reflective layer found on the choroid; the tapetum lucidum aids in the reflection of light toward the retina, increasing the ability to see at night; the human choroid does not have a tapetum lucidum
Slide15Dissection 101:Cow Eye
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Sclera: Tough protective outer layer of the eye which gives the eyeball its shape; the white part of the human eye; continuous with the transparent cornea; the sclera has blood vessels (may appear bloodshot); the cornea does not have blood vessels
Cornea
Slide16Dissection 101:Cow Eye
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Anterior Identification
Using a dissection probe, carefully remove the lens from the anterior of the eye
Lens
Suspensory ligaments: Hold
the lens in place, attaches
lens to
ciliary
body
Note: Aqueous humor, a transparent fluid produced by the ciliary body is located between the lens and the cornea; the fluid provides shape for and nourishes the cornea and it also provides nourishment for the lens; the fluid will release as the lens is removed
Student Cuts:
YouTube
Slide17Dissection 101:Cow Eye
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Using a dissection probe, carefully remove the choroid,
ciliary
body, and iris from the anterior of the eye; these structures will be removed as one unit
Slide18Dissection 101:Cow Eye
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Cornea: Anterior protective covering of the eye; transparent allowing light to enter; appears cloudy due to preservation process; lacks blood vessels, nourished by aqueous humor; continuous with sclera
Slide19Dissection 101:Cow Eye
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Lens: Biconvex structure that focuses light on the retina through a process called accommodation
Slide20Dissection 101:Cow Eye
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Lens
Lens
Far Object
Close Object
Retina
Retina
Muscles of the ciliary body contract toward the lens (Figure 1), resulting in less pull on the lens. The lens bulges to its natural form resulting in the light rays bending more for closer objects. The muscles of the ciliary body relax pulling away from the lens causing the lens to flatten for distant objects (Figure 2).
Ciliary Body
Iris
Pupil
Figure 2
Figure 1
Slide21Dissection 101:Cow Eye
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Iris: Structure of the eye which controls the size of the opening into the eye which is called the pupil. The pupil gets larger when the radial muscles of the iris contract in dim light.
The circular/sphincter
muscles of the iris contract to reduce the size of the pupil for brighter light. The iris is the colored structure of the human eye.
Pupil: Opening of the eye, allows light to enter. The diameter of the opening is controlled by the iris. The pupil is the dark center of the eye; the pupil is black because light enters but it does not leave.
Ciliary body
Slide22Dissection 101:Cow Eye
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Microscopic View of the Iris, Ciliary Body and Pupil
Anterior view, closest to the cornea
Posterior view, closest to the lens
Ciliary body
Iris
Pupil
Pupil
Slide23Dissection 101:Cow Eye
Retina
Optic nerve
Choroid with tapetum lucidum
Iris
Pupil
Cornea
Sclera
Lens
Vitreous humor
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Review Main Structures
Slide24Dissection 101:
Produced by Dakota State University
and South Dakota Public Broadcasting
Cow Eye