Archaea require large amounts of NaCl for growth These organisms accumulate large levels of KCl in their cytoplasm as a compatible solute These salts affect cell wall stability and enzyme activity ID: 1037493
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1. Extremely halophilic Archaea require large amounts of NaCl for growth. These organisms accumulate large levels of KCl in their cytoplasm as a compatible solute. These salts affect cell wall stability and enzyme activity. The light-mediated proton pump bacteriorhodopsin helps extreme halophiles make ATP.
2. ThermoplasmatalesThermococcalesMethanopyrales Methano-bacteriales -coccales -microbiales -sarcinales Archaeoglobales Extreme Halophiles Haloalkaliphiles Marine EuryarcheotaSulfolobales ThermoprotealesPyrodictialesDesulfurococcalesMarine CrenarcheotaNanoarchaeota
3. MethanogensMicrobes that produce CH4 Found in many diverse environmentsTaxonomy based on phenotypic and phylogenetic featuresProcess of methanogensis first demonstrated over 200 years ago by Alessandro Volta
4. Methanogenesis The biological production of CH4 from either CO2 plus H2 or from methylated organic compounds. A variety of unique coenzymes are involved in methanogenesis The process is strictly anaerobic. Energy conservation in methanogenesis involves both proton and sodium ion gradients.
5. Diversity of MethanogensDemonstrate diversity of cell wall chemistriesPseudomurein (e.g., Methanobacterium)Methanochondroitin (e.g., Methanosarcina)Protein or glycoprotein (e.g., Methanocaldococcus)S-layers (e.g., Methanospirillium)
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7. Substrates for MethanogensObligate anaerobes11 substrates, divided into 3 classes, can be converted to CH4 by pure cultures of methanogensOther compounds (e.g., glucose) can be converted to methane, but only in cooperative reactions between methanogens and other anaerobic bacteria
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9. Methanogenesis1 – Methanofuran: CO2 activation2 – Methanopterin: CO2 CHO methyl3 – COM CHO CH34 – COM + COB + F430 methylreductase5 – CH3 Methane
10. Although hyperthermophiles live at very high temperatures, in some cases above the boiling point of water, there are temperature limits beyond which no living organism can survive. This limit is likely 140–150°C. Hydrogen (H2) catabolism may have been the first energy-yielding metabolism of cells.
11. Evloluntionary history of chloroplasts via endosymbiosis:TheSymbiont123
12. Origin of the palstids: Cyanobacteria (Bacteria, Prokaryotes) Recipients: Various algae (Protists, Eukaryotes): Glaucophyta Cryptomonads Rhodophyta Chlorophyta EuglenophytaChlorachniophytaChrysophytaHeterocontae Diatoms Dinoflagellata (green) Dinoflagellata (brown)