Chapter 4 Soil and Pest Factors That Influence Fumigant Activity Factors that Influence Soil Fumigation Pest Factors What are they pest identification Where are they how deep When to fumigate application timing ID: 914053
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Slide1
Module TwoChap. 4, 5, & 6
Slide2Chapter 4Soil and Pest Factors ThatInfluence Fumigant Activity
Slide3Factors that Influence Soil FumigationPest Factors:What are they (pest identification)?Where are they (how deep)?When to fumigate (application timing) ?How much gas to use (fumigation rate)?
Slide4Correct diagnosis is the first step in successful disease management!
Factors that Influence Soil Fumigation
Slide5Factors that Influence Soil Fumigation:
Application Depth
Slide6Fumigating when soil temperatures are higher also catches pest & pathogens at growth stages when pests & pathogens are more active, when they are more susceptible to soil fumigants.
Factors that Influence
S
oil Fumigation:
Application Timing
Slide7The appropriate fumigant, its application rate, application method, & timing are determined by:
The crop to be planted;
The target soil-borne organism(s) – “pests”;
Level of infestation;
Soil characteristics, such as texture
;
Environmental conditions.
Slide8Fumigator Set-up, Repair & MaintenanceCheck fittings and tubing to ensure all are made of materials compatible with the fumigant to be used; never aluminum
;
Filters in all systems, check valves in pressurized systems.
Slide9Factors that Influence
S
oil Fumigation:
Soil Characteristics
Soil
Particle
Soil Particle
Soil Particle
Nematode
Soil Pore Air Space
Soil Water Film
Soil Water Film
Soil Fumigant
Slide10Factors that Influence
S
oil Fumigation:
Soil Temperature
Soil
Particle
Soil Particle
Soil Particle
Nematode
Soil Pore Air Space
Soil Water Film
Soil Water Film
Soil Fumigant
Soil temperature influences how fast fumigants change from a liquid into a gas;
Gases move through soil faster than liquids;
The higher the soil temperature, the
f
aster fumigants vaporize into a gas
;
Slide11The higher the soil temperature, the further the fumigant often moves – through soil, but also potentially into the air above the ground.Acceptable soil temperatures at the point of injection usually between 40o
and 90
o
F.
If air temperatures have been above 100
o
for within 72
hr
of application, soil temperatures at application must be recorded.
Factors that Influence
S
oil Fumigation:
Soil Temperature
Slide12Factors that Influence Soil Fumigation:
Soil Texture
Slide13Factors that Influence
S
oil Fumigation:
Soil Texture
Soil
Particle
Soil Particle
Soil Particle
Nematode
Soil Pore Air Space
Soil Water Film
Soil Water Film
Soil Fumigant
Coarser soils (sands, sandy loams) have larger soil particles & larger spaces between them (pores);
Fumigants can move through larger soil pores faster;
The coarser the soil, the
f
aster & further fumigants move, both through soil and into the air
;
Slide14Factors that Influence
S
oil Fumigation:
Soil Moisture
Soil
Particle
Soil Particle
Soil Particle
Nematode
Soil Pore Air Space
Soil Water Film
Soil Water Film
Soil Fumigant
Soil moisture influences how far & how fast fumigants move;
Soil moisture requirements vary for fumigants depending upon their vaporization rate and water solubility;
The coarser the soil, the
f
aster & further fumigants move through soil
;
Slide15Soil
Particle
Soil Particle
Soil Particle
Nematode
Soil Pore Air Space
Soil Water Film
Soil Water Film
Soil Fumigant
Soil moisture influences how far & how fast fumigants move;
Coarser textured (sandier) soils typically require higher moisture contents than finer-textured soils (clays, silts).
Soil moisture requirements vary for fumigants depending upon their vaporization rate and water solubility;
Factors that Influence
S
oil Fumigation:
Soil Moisture
Slide16Soil
Particle
Soil Particle
Soil Particle
Nematode
Soil Pore Air Space
Soil Water Film
Soil Water Film
Soil Fumigant
The coarser the soil, the
f
aster & further fumigants move through soil
;
Determine soil moisture with a
tensiometer
or by the USDA feel & appearance method.
Factors that Influence
S
oil Fumigation:
Soil Moisture
Slide17“USDA Feel & Appearance Method”or “Clod Method”
50-75% Moisture in Fine Sands/Loamy Sands:
When darkened soil forms a moist ball with loose & clustered sand grains on fingers, with moderate water staining on fingers; will not ribbon.
Photo courtesy USDA-NRCS
Slide18“USDA Feel & Appearance Method”or “Clod Method”
50-75% Moisture in Sandy Loams:
when Darkened soil forms a ball with defined finger marks, very light soil/water staining on fingers, not sticky.
Photo courtesy USDA-NRCS
Slide19“USDA Feel & Appearance Method”or “Clod Method”
50-75% Moisture in Sandy Clays & Clay Loams:
when darkened soil forms a ball, very light staining on fingers, pliable, & forms a weak ribbon between thumb & forefinger.
Photo courtesy USDA-NRCS
Slide20Soil Tilth = the physical condition of soilFactors = clods, moisture content, aeration, water infiltration, & drainage;
Clods & hardpans have less pore space, slowing and reducing fumigant movement, but increasing off-gassing;
Best soil
tilth
for fumigation = physical condition that allows the fumigant to diffuse through soil but not escape when the soil surface is sealed properly.
Factors that Influence Soil Fumigation:
Soil
Tilth
Slide21P
i
= ~844 eggs/500 cc soil
Factors that Influence Soil Fumigation:
Crop Residues
Slow fumigant movement by absorbing some fumigants;
Break the seal at the soil surface,
providing avenues for gas to escape from the soil
;
Hang-up on fumigator shanks, plugging outlets.
Slide22For less volatile fumigants, by compacting soil or irrigation (~1/4” water)
Factors that Influence Soil Fumigation:
Soil Sealing
Slide23Factors that Influence Soil Fumigation:
Soil Sealing
By
tarping
for more volatile fumigants
(methyl bromide, some chloropicrin applications).
Slide24Review Questions
Slide25Which of the following soil factors has little or no effect on the fumigant’s movement through the soil?TilthpHTexture
Slide26A fumigant handler is intending to apply a 1,3-D/chloropicrin product to a sandy loam field. Soil temperature at the depth of the application is 45°F, and the soil forms a weak ball using the “feel method.” Which of the following may limit the success of this fumigation?
Soil texture
Soil moisture
Soil temperature
Slide27Which of the following pest factors has the greatest impact on the timing of a soil fumigant application?Pest densityDifficult-to-control pestsGrowth stage of an insect.
Slide28Chapter 5Personal Protective Equipment
and Respirators
Slide29Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)Fumigants are distinct from other pesticides fumigants are volatile may result in inhalation exposure. Therefore PPE required differs from
non-fumigants
Check
the pesticide
label PPE
directions
in the
Precautionary Statements section
of the
pesticide label.
Slide30Differences in PPE for FumigantsExamples of how PPE for various fumigants may differ from
non-fumigants:
Respirators are always required to be kept on site
Loose-fitting
work
clothes
Often no
chemical-resistant apron or
spray suit
May not allow Chemical-resistant
gloves or
boots May require wearing cotton glovesOthers may specify chemical-resistant gloves and footwear just for certain tasks.Specific about the type of eye or
respiratory protection
to wear and
when
Slide31RespiratorsMedical Evaluation Before Respirator Fit Testingpreliminary screening, a medical practitioner may determine that a physical exam is required.
Re-examined if
health
status,
respirator style,
use
conditions change.
Slide32RespiratorsMay be required for:Any handling taskTriggered by sensory irritationNot required:Prior to application of the fumigant
When transporting unopened cylinders
Respirator Fit and CareAfter being cleared for:Air-purifying respirator (APR) Fumigant handlers must be
Fit tested and trained
on
how
to use
each
specific respirator
Fit
testing is
required and repeated
annually.
Slide34Respirator Fit and CareFollow-up fit testing is required if:The style of the face piece has changed.The respirator size, model, or brand has
changed.
There
is a physical change in
the person’s face due to weight change or dental work.
Fit
is unacceptable.
At
request of the user.
Employer
policy
.Fit check before each use (user seal check)
Slide35Respirator TrainingAdequate training is required before handling a fumigant, including:Fit and use of the respiratorEven if it is for emergency response
only
Must establish a
formal respiratory protection
program, including:
Written operating
procedures for
maintenance
,
cleaning,
storage
Slide36Respirator TypesAPR (Air Purifying Respirator)replaceable organic vapor cartridge or canister(gas mask)
half-face/
fullface
PAPR (powered)
SCBA
(Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus)
Slide37SelectionCarefully review the respirator requirements on the label to determine:Whether you need respiratory protection.Correct type of respirator for
that fumigant
.
Situations
when
respiratory protection
is needed
.
Never substitute another type of
respirator
Slide38Cartridge or canister lifeThe type of cartridge.The size of the cartridge.The type and concentration of vapors in the surrounding air.The length of exposure.The rate of breathing
.
Whether
more than one
contaminant is
present.
The
temperature and humidity at
the time
of use.
Slide39Cartridge Replacement (also a WPS Requirement)At the first indication of odor, taste, or irritation.
According
to the pesticide label
or manufacturer
instructions,
whichever is
more frequent.
When
the end of service life
indicator (ESLI
) shows a color change
indicating the unit has expired.In absence of any of the above instructions or indications of service life, at the end of each day’s work period.
Slide40SCBASCBA respirators are only used For emergency situations and Not permitted for routine handler tasks.
Slide41Review Questions
Slide42Who must undergo a medical evaluation before using respiratory equipment?Fumigant handlers with known heart problems. Fumigant handlers who will be removing tarps.
Any fumigant handler or certified applicator who might need to wear a respirator.
Slide43Which type of respirator may never be worn during routine fumigant handler tasks?Half-face air purifying respirator (APR)Powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR)
Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)
Slide44How do soil fumigant labels differ from nonfumigant labels regarding personal protective equipment (PPE) statements?
Respirators are always required on site
Different products have different PPE requirements
PPE requirements will vary depending on the handling task
Slide45Chapter 6Protecting People
Slide46“Stop Work” Trigger Levels and Respiratory ProtectionFumigant labels specify trigger levels which require fumigant handlers toContinue work using
a
respirator, or
Stop work and leave
the
application block and buffer zone.
Prevents fumigant
handlers from being
exposed to
the maximum-use
concentration (MUC) (capacity of the respirator cartridge)
Slide47Examples of Label RequirementsAn APR with the appropriate cartridges or canisters must be available for each fumigant handler who may be required to wear a respirator.For
methyl bromide formulations
with
more
than
20% chloropicrin,
100%
chloropicrin
formulations,
dazomet
,
metam sodium, and metam potassium, fumigant handlers only need to wear full-face or gas-mask type respirators when they experience sensory irritation. If this happens, fumigant handlers must either stop work and leave the area, or use a full-face
APR to
complete the task
.
Slide48Minimum number of fumiganthandlers and respirators that mustbe on
site:
M
ethyl
bromide,
chloropicrin
only, and other
products with chloropicrin:
At least
two fumigant
handlers must
be on site.At least two APRs must be on site.
Metam
Sodium &
Metam
Potassium:One fumigant handler on site.One full-face APR must also be on site.
Slide49Stop Work TriggersTrigger levels and air-monitoring requirements are found on labels under the “Respiratory Protection and Stop
Work Triggers”
section.
Slide50Sensory IrritationA physical reaction to a certain fumigant air concentration, including…burning or irritation of the eyes,
nose
, or
mucous
membranes
.
If at any
time
there is sensory irritation handler must:
Use
an APR to complete the
task, orStop work and leave the application block and buffer zone.
Slide51Air MonitoringTwo things can initiate the need for air monitoring to start immediately:Whenever a fumigant handler is wearing an APR.Sensory irritation.
Air samples
must be collected at least every
2 hours
in
the breathing zone of
the h
andler
performing a
representative
task
The breathing zone is the area within a 10-inch radius of the nose and mouth.
Slide52Returning to work without APRAfter a trigger level has forced work to stop, handlers cannot re-enter the application site or buffer zone area until:Two consecutive air monitoring
samples taken
in the fumigant
handler’s breathing
zone and 15 minutes
apart are
below the specified trigger level.
Fumigant
handler does not
experience sensory
irritation.
Slide53Slide54Monitoring RepresentativeHandler ActivitiesActivities to be sampled must represent each handler’s exposure occurring within the application block; i.e.
Tractor driver
Co-pilot
Shoveler
Slide55Air-Monitoring DevicesGas detector tubesdisposable and can be used only once.Must use pump and tubes from the same manufacturerTubes deteriorate with age.
Some tubes have
a shelf life of two years
when stored
at room temperature.
Deterioration is
more rapid above 86°F.
Direct
sunlight affects the
chemical
reagents
in the tubes.At low temperatures—at or below freezing—tubes may not give reliable readings. Warm the tubes to room temperature before use for best performance.Tubes may have cross‑sensitivity to gases
other
than their target gas. Seek
this information
from the manufacturer.
Slide56Emergency Preparednessand ResponseIf homes or businesses are near a buffer zone, the certified applicator-in-charge has two options:
Option
1: Monitor the buffer zone.
Option
2:
Provide
response
information
to neighbors
Certified applicator may choose the optionIf the buffer zone is 25 feet then emergency preparedness measures are not required
Slide57Option 1 – Monitor the Buffer ZoneMonitor between the Buffer Zone and the home or business of concern.Monitor at least four times each day throughout
the buffer zone period:
1
hour before sunset on the day
the
application
begins,
once
during the night,
once
at 1 hour after sunrise, and
once during the day.Over the course of the 48-hour buffer zone period, monitoring will occur eight times.
Slide58OPTION 2: Provide EmergencyResponse Information to Neighbors.Information to neighbors provided
at
least
one
week before the
application including:
The location of the application block.
Basic
information about the
fumigant
product
.Contact information for the certified applicator and property owner.When the fumigation and the buffer zone period will occur (must not
be more
than four weeks away).
Early
signs and symptoms of exposure, and what to do if exposure is suspected (call 911 in most cases).
Slide59Method of NotificationProvide this information using any method that effectively communicates the required material to the neighbors.telephone,
door
hangers,
mailings, or
email
.
May
not
use mass media (radio, TV, Newspaper Ad)
It
is a good
idea to attach a copy of the information provided to the FMP as a record.
Slide60Slide61Emergency Response PlanPlan must be initiated:If handler experiences sensory irritation, or air monitoring detects concentrations of concern outside of the buffer zone.
Slide62Fumigant Poisoningand First AidFumigant poisoning can occur from contact with the skin, eyes, or tissues in the mouth or nose.
Seek
immediate
professional medical
attention if
anyone experiences
an exposure to a fumigant.
Slide63Review Questions
Slide64If a fumigant handler who is NOT wearing an air purifying respirator (APR) experiences sensory irritation, he or she has two choices. What are they?Stop working and leave the area or use an APR to complete the task.Use an SCBA or take air-monitoring samples from the breathing zone.
Stop working and leave the area or ask the certified applicator-in-charge to finish the task.
Slide65The lower trigger level on a fumigant label is 1 ppm and the upper trigger level is 5 ppm. Air-monitoring samples show a fumigant concentration of 2.2
ppm
in the area where fumigant handlers are working. Which of the following actions are correct?
Continue air monitoring to see whether air concentration levels reach the upper trigger level.
Reseal the soil where necessary to prevent further fumigant off-gassing.
Require fumigant handlers to either put on a respirator or leave the application block and buffer zone.
Slide66Labels typically require how many air-monitoring samples show that air concentrations of the fumigant are below the trigger level, and allow fumigant handlers to remove their APRs?OneTwo
Five
Slide67How large is the breathing zone around the nose and mouth?1. 6-inch radius.2. 10-inch radius.3. 24-inch radius.
Slide68What is the purpose of a trigger level?To determine when respirators must be available on site.To prevent the fumigant handlers from being exposed to maximum-use concentrations (MUC’s).
To stop the application until the fumigant concentration level falls below the trigger level.