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Carbohydrates Carbohydrates serve a variety of functions Carbohydrates Carbohydrates serve a variety of functions

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates serve a variety of functions - PowerPoint Presentation

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Carbohydrates Carbohydrates serve a variety of functions - PPT Presentation

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates serve a variety of functions E nergy storage and food Structure and support Lubrication Protection Recognition and signaling Component of nucleotides starch mucin glycoprotein ID: 770580

carbohydrates monosaccharides ose chiral monosaccharides carbohydrates chiral ose form carbons polysaccharides greek carbohydrate sugar called disaccharides formula base aldoses

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Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates serve a variety of functions E nergy storage and food Structure and supportLubricationProtection Recognition and signalingComponent of nucleotides starch mucin (glycoprotein) surface glycoproteins cell wall peptidoglycan chitin and cellulose 2-deoxyribose

Carbohydrates are polyhydroxylated aldehydes (aldoses) and ketones (ketoses) ‘glyc’ (from Greek glykys = sweet) also designates carbohydrate ex: glycoside, glycolysis, peptidoglyc an ‘- ose ’ suffix indicates carbohydrate Saccharide: from Greek sakcharon = sugar Monosaccharides (sometimes called ‘simple sugars’) also, Oligosaccharides (disaccharides, trisaccharides, …) and Polysaccharides (sometimes called ‘complex carbohydrates’) Base formula: CnH 2nOnFormed from monosaccharides linked via a condensation reaction tri ose tetr ose pentose # of carbons

Most carbohydrates are chiral, and their configuration is a major distinguishing feature Base formula: C n H 2n On Chiral carbons: #C - 2 for aldoses #C - 3 for ketoses Number of stereoisomers: 2 x , where x is # of chiral carbons d - aldopentoses are diastereomers d - and l - arabinose are enantiomers

A carbonyl and an alcohol will readily react to form a new chiral center This is how monosaccharides spontaneously cyclize

Figure 8-4 Mutarotation is the interconversion of anomers

A six-membered sugar ring, like glucopyranose , adopts one of two chair conformations

Modified sugars are important in biochemistry

A hemiacetal or hemiketal may condense with an alcohol to form an acetal or ketal

Figure 8-7 Glycosidic bonds link the anomeric carbon to other compounds, to form ‘glycosides’ O -glycosidic (or O -glycosyl) bonds (or linkages) Can these sugars interconvert?

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Condensation reactions link monosaccharides into disaccharides (and polysaccharides) non-reducing end reducing end