Ovaries produce estrogen progesterone and are site of oogenesis Estrogen maintenance of the female tracts 2 o sex characteristics ova maturation and release Oogonia divide mitotically ID: 525913
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Slide1
Female reproductive anatomy
Ovaries produce estrogen, progesterone, and are site of oogenesisEstrogen: maintenance of the female tracts, 2o sex characteristics, ova maturation and releaseSlide2
Oogonia
divide mitotically Meiosis I produces a primary oocyte (diploid), surrounded by follicle cells These oocytes develop into secondary oocytes on a cyclical basis
Oogenesis overviewSlide3
Follicular phase
- first half of cycle when follicles mature and are ovulatedLuteal phase - second half of cycle when uterus is prepared for implantationOvarian cycleSlide4
Primary follicle
oocyte
Follicle cells
Looking within the ovary…follicular phase
FSH and LH levels are increasingSlide5
Follicle cells secrete estrogen
Dividing
follicular cells
Thecal cells
Primary
oocyte
Looking within the ovary…follicular phaseSlide6
antrum
Antrum collects fluid with estrogen
Estrogen inhibits FSH and LH, so FSH
Looking within the ovary…follicular phaseSlide7Slide8
Thecal cells
Granulosa cells
Antrum
primary oocyte
Late follicular phase
High estrogen levels promote LH secretion w/ positive feedback loopSlide9Slide10
Late follicular phase
Mature
follicle
Antrum
Oocyte finishes meiosis I
it now is a 2
o
oocyteSlide11
Follicle
remains
secondary oocyte
Egg is flushed out
Pop! Ovulation!Slide12
corpus
luteum
Luteal phase
Corpus luteum secretes
progesterone
and estrogenSlide13
Estrogen and progesterone
Estrogen initiates preparation of endo- and myometrium, ‘prime’ uterus for progesterone (follicular phase)Progesterone endometrium vascularization, glycogen, decrease contractions (luteal phase)
Progesterone
inhibits LH and FSH
(this is how birth control pills work)Slide14
If the corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone drops and menstruation occurs
Changes in endometrium
Degenerating
corpus luteumSlide15Slide16
Fertilization normally occurs within a day of ovulation
Contractions of the myometrium help some sperm reach the oviduct
But if there are sperm around…
acrosome
in actionSlide17
Embryo
Trophoblast
Implants the embryo
Blastocyst
Cleavage
Fertilization
Ovulation
Implantation
Embryo forms before reaching the uterusSlide18
Blastocyst secretes
chorionic gonadotropinEndometrium has glycogen, and becomes more vascularized from progesterone40% of blastocysts never implant
Settling into the uterus…Slide19
Trophoblast
enzymes digest proteins of the endometrium. This carves a hole for implantation
.
Settling into the uterus…
Endometrium
Trophoblast
Embryo
Embryo
EndometriumSlide20
Embryo
Eventually forms
chorionSlide21
Placenta =
chorion from embryo and uterine lining from mother. These tissues interlock like ‘fingers’ Projections of chorion have capillaries to form placental villi. They extend into the mother’s blood.
Placenta developmentSlide22
Gasses, wastes, nutrients diffuse
bw capillaries of mother and fetusDrugs, pollutants, chemicals also diffuse
Placenta development
mother’s blood
Placental
villus
Amniotic sac
ChorionSlide23
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Estrogen
Progesterone
Fertilization
DeliverySlide24
Questions
Is reproduction different for a female with a single ovary?Abortion via chemical meansDoes scoliosis affect the ability to carry/deliver a child?Does the fact that female genitals are inside the body allow for wider range of lower body movement? Athletes want to knowSlide25
Relaxin
from placenta softens the cervix and pelvisUterus has mild contractions. Baby’s head is down in pelvisHigh levels of estrogen make the uterus more sensitive to oxytocin. Progesterone levels drop
Getting ready for birth....Slide26
Stretching the cervix causes more oxytocin to be released
Oxytocin induces stronger contractionsPositive feedback with oxytocinSlide27
LactationSlide28
If students are interested, I will go over the extra credit information at the end of this class.I will need to hear some feedback via email to know if students are interested in this so I’ll prepare extra slides…thanks