Native Americans in Georgia - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Native Americans in GeorgiaSlide2

SS8H1

1. How did the Native American cultures develop prior to European contact?2. What impact did the environment have on the development of prehistoric native Americans in Georgia? P.A.W.M.Slide3

Migration/Movement

What does migration mean?

Where did the first Native Americans come from?

When did the first human beings arrive in Georgia?

How did Native Americans get to Georgia?Slide4

Migration/Movement

Migration

– people or animals who move from one location to another.

During the last Ice Age, the first humans to step foot on North America came across a frozen bridge between Asia and North America called Beringia.Slide5

Paleo

The Paleo-Indians came to the Americas from Asia in search of food.

They followed big game animals. (woolly mammoths, mastodons, caribou, and moose).The animals they hunted traveled far in search of grasslands.These animals grazed across northern China and into Siberia, eventually making their way to the shores of the Bering Straight.Slide6

Exactly when human beings first arrived in Georgia is currently unknown, although people had to have been present 13,250 years ago.

Artifacts have been found at a number of locations across the state.

Paleo

Tradition: 12,000 – 8,000 B.C

.Slide7

Paleo Period 12,000 – 8,000 BC

Paleo

means

very old

in Greek.

Also called Old Stone Age. Most tools and spear points made of stone.

Used CLOVIS POINTS for killing the animals they huntedNomadic (roaming) hunters. Mainly hunted:Mammoths, Mastodons, Bison, Ground Sloth, Caribou, and MooseSlide8
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Paleo Period 12,000 – 8,000 BC

Because of constant migration the

Paleo

people frequently dug pits to use as a temporary shelter (dwelling

).

Archaeologists have found two

Paleo

skeletons buried with artifacts and covered with red powder. Archaeologists believe that this may indicate a belief in an afterlife and/or religious beliefs.Slide10
Slide11

Hunter/Gatherers

Paleo Indians moved over large areas on foot or by water.

They lived in small groups of twenty-five to fifty people.

Paleo Indians were hunter-gatherers. They used tools to cut, hunt, and chop.

When food supplies were gone, they migrated to a new area. Paleo Indians moved many times over the course of a year.Slide12

Clovis Points

Paleo Indians used Clovis points to hunt. The Clovis point was often attached to the end of a lance.

Paleo Indians hunted big game animals like woolly mammoths, moose, mastodons, and elephants.Slide13

AtlatlSlide14

Parker Points 2005

What do you see in this painting?Slide15

The Paleo Period

Dates11,000-8,000 B.C.Weapons “Clovis” points

Stone spear points Knives and scrapersAtlatl – used to propel spears long distances FoodLarge game hunted animals Mammoths, bisons, ground sloths, and mastadons

Wild berries and nuts gathered

Dwelling

s

Lived in groups of 20-50 Nomadic = always on the move for food = no permanent housingSlept in caves, under cliffs, and dug out “sleeping pits”

ReligionArtifacts to suggest general spirituality – nothing specific

Paleo

= “Very old” / few

lived to

be 30 yrs. oldSlide16

This group adapted to a warmer climate and hunted small animals and fished.

Created 1

st

pottery

Created atlatl

Pottery

ArchaicSlide17

By the end of the ice age, BIG animals like the woolly mammoth were becoming extinct. (climate change and over hunting)

Many cultural and technological advances took place during the Archaic period.Anthropologists divide this period into 3 sub-periods….Early, Middle, & Late.

Archaic Period – 8,000-1,000 BCSlide18

Archaic Period -3,000 – 1,000 BC

Archaic (means “Old”)

Migrated with each season to find best food resources. As larger game (animals) such as mammoths and mastodons became extinct the Archaic people began to hunt smaller game. Mainly hunted:

Deer, Bear, Turkey, Rabbit, Reptiles, Game Birds, Fish and Shellfish

Used an “atlatl”: stone sling-like implement that threw darts from a longer distance

Slide19

Due to the fact that the Archaic people migrated less often they began to live in semi-permanent shelters (huts made of sticks and other natural materials) arranged in small villages.

During the late Archaic period, horticulture (the planting of crops) allowed the Archaic to be less nomadic as they were able to grow most of their necessary food.

Archaic Period Slide20

Made tools such as choppers, drills, chipping tools, pottery, and fish hooks from deer antlers and bones. Also, began using grooved axes to clear trees and bushes. Continued to use the spear and atlatl for hunting but the Archaic people refined these to make hunting easier.

Burial of the dead began to become important. Tools, weapons, and body ornaments have been found in some burial pits.

Archaic Period – 8,000-1,000 BCSlide21

The Archaic Period

Dates8,000 – 1,500 B.C.Weapons New tools invented to save time and effort

Clovis points become smaller and sharperGrooved Axe – stone head w/ wood handle. Used primarily to chop wood / remove brushFoodHunted smaller game as period progresses

Deer, bear, turkey, rabbit, birds, fish

Fishing and gathering important

Large remains of

middens (trash heaps of shells ) found on Stallings Island in GA Invented : Clay pots to store and transport food in created

DwellingsSmall groups gathered to form larger groups of 50-100: based on families Would move from season to season Semi-permanent housing w/ wooden poles covered by animal hides, braches, and barkReligionProper burial of the dead seems to be importantTools, weapons, and ornaments found in tombs

Things becoming more settledSlide22

The Woodland Period – 1,000 BC-900 AD

1

st

to farm

1

st

w/religious beliefs

Bow & ArrowEffigy MoundsBetter pottery

Rock Eagle

Kolomoki MoundsSlide23

Built domed-shaped huts using trees and other natural materials. The Eastern Woodland people built wattle and daub homes (wooden frame covered with reed mats and plaster).

Woodland Period – 1,000 BC – 900 AD Slide24

Began to use the bow and arrow as the main tool for hunting. Arrow points were frequently made out of stone, shark teeth, and deer antlers.

Woodland Period – 1,000 BC – 900 ADSlide25

Elaborate religious ceremonies were introduced during this time period and were spread through trade amongst the different tribes. Began building cone shaped burial mounds and adorned the body with jewelry. Archaeologists believe that this may indicate a belief in an afterlife and/or religious beliefs.

Woodland Period – 1,000 BCE – 900 CE

Kolomoki MoundsSlide26
Slide27

The Woodland people would also build effigy mounds.

An effigy mound is a raised pile of earth built in the shape of a stylized animal, symbol, religious figure, or human figure. Effigy mounds were only built during the Late Woodland Period.

Rock Eagle in Eatonton, GASlide28

Woodland Period – 1,000 BC – 900

Continued to seasonally migrate (less movement than the Archaic people) and lived in tribal villages.

These tribes (group of people with a common ancestry) would live and work together.

The knowledge of agriculture (horticulture) continued to increase allowing the groups to grow most of what they ate. Woodland people would grow and/or harvest:

Squash, Beans, Corn (Maize), Sunflowers, Berries, and Nuts

Woodland people continued to hunt:

Deer, Bear, Turkey, Rabbit, Reptiles, Game Birds, Fish and ShellfishSlide29

The Woodland Period

Dates1,000 B.C. – 1,000 A.D.Weapons Bow and Arrow

– better accuracy/saves timeArrowheads become smaller and sharperFoodBeginning of Horticulture

Seeds are saved for planting

Nuts, corn, squash, and bottle-gourd

Digging sticks for planting

Small game hunted

DwellingsMore sturdy houses as small groups join together and form tribesFlat-topped mounds for gathering/ceremoniesAnimal effigy mounds – Rock Eagle created in 200 A.D. near Eatonton.ReligionBurial mounds with more elaborate tombs containing jewelry, pottery, figurines, and ceremonial objects

The Mound-Builders!Slide30

The Mississippi Tradition—”Mound

Builders”

Permanent settlements-Palisades & Moats

“Mound Builders”—Etowah & Ocmulgee

Here when Europeans arrived & disappeared.Slide31

Mississippian Period 700 - 1600

The Mississippian people continued to live in tribes and lived in permanent shelters and villages.

Tribes began to join together during this time period and formed larger nations (allowed for division of labor and increased protection and safety).

The knowledge of agriculture (horticulture) continued to increase allowing the groups to grow most of what they ate and began storing extra food to keep a supply for the entire year. Mississippian people would grow and/or harvest:

Corn (Maize), Beans, Pumpkins and Squash Slide32

Mississippian Period 700 - 1600

Due to the division of labor the Mississippian people had more time to dedicate to the arts (advanced pottery, jewelry, and clothing).

Continued to improve wattle and daub houses (wood and clay) and began to protect their villages through the use of moats and palisades (wooden walls).

Slide33

Mississippian Period 700 - 1600

Improved upon the bow and arrow as the main tool for hunting and for defense. Arrow points were frequently made out of stone, shark teeth, and deer antlers.

Continued to build burial mounds and religious centers for religious ceremonies and priests/chiefs.

ETOWAH INDIAN MOUNDS

Home to several thousand Native Americans between 1000 A.D. to 1550 A.D., this 54-acre site contains six earthen mounds, a plaza, village area, borrow pits and defensive ditch. This is the most intact Mississippian Culture site in the Southeastern United States.

While only nine percent of this site has been excavated, examination at Mound C and surrounding artifacts revealed much about the people who lived here more than 500 years ago.Slide34

The Mississippian Period

Dates800 A.D. – about 1600 A.D. Weapons

All tools and weapons from previous periods – only better-made and more effectiveFoodGrew most food Corn, beans, pumpkin, and squashUsed slash-and-burn techniqueStored food in storehouses for a constant supply

Dwellings

Large-scale communities w/

palisades

and

moatsSeveral 1,000 families living togetherWattle and daub houses made of clay, wood, and forest brushMound communities like Etowah and Ocmulgee Indians Mounds in Macon.ReligionPriest-chief presides over religious ceremoniesReligious aspects controlled by govt.

The Europeans are coming soon!Slide35

GA’s Prehistoric Cultures

Tradition

Dates

Weapons/

Tools

Food

Dwellings

(Homes)

Evidence

Of Religion

Paleo

Before 10,000 years ago

10,000 BC to

8,000 BC

Stone tools and weapons, long wooden spears,

Atlatl (used to

throw darts)

Large animals such as bison, mammoth, ground sloth, and mastodon

No fixed shelter; followed herds of large animals; homes consisted of shelters that could be created easily (pit houses)

Very little evidence; two bodies have been found buried with artifacts and covered with red powder (may suggest belief in an afterlife)

Archaic

8000 B.C. to 1000 B.C.

Wooden spears with more refined (better) spear points, choppers, drills, chipping tools, bone fish hooks, grooved axes, pipes, pottery

Small game such as deer, bear, turkey rabbit, reptiles, fish, shellfish, berries, nuts, fruits

Crude shelters, stayed in one place longer than the Paleo culture (semi-permanent shelters); began living in small groups (called bands or clans)

Little evidence; proper burial of the dead became important; tools, weapons, and body ornaments have been found in some burial pits

Woodland

1000 B.C. to 1000 A.D.

Bow and arrow,

more advanced pottery

Small game such as deer, bear, turkey rabbit, fish, nuts and berries, some crops (squash and sunflowers)

Small villages of dome-shaped huts (built from wood and clay mixture called wattle and daub) with grass roofs; began living in larger groups called tribes

Elaborate religious ceremonies were introduced; built cone-shaped burial mounds for the dead; bodies wore necklaces, bracelets, rings and copper/bone combs

Mississippian

700 A.D. to 1600 A.D.

Similar to Woodland culture, bow and arrow with more refined arrow heads, stone hoes, copper headdresses

Grew crops (maize, beans, pumpkins, squash); grew most of what was eaten

Larger villages with more advanced permanent shelters (built of wattle and daub) and ceremonial buildings

Grew tobacco to use in ceremonies; built centers for religious ceremonies; continued practice of burying their dead