1 Lecture 6 Dynamic Scheduling with Scoreboarding and Tomasulo Algorithm Section 24 2 Scoreboard Implications Outoforder completion gt WAR WAW hazards Solutions for WAR CDC 6600 ID: 502254
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Nov. 9, 2004
1
Lecture
6: Dynamic Scheduling with
Scoreboarding
and
Tomasulo
Algorithm (Section 2.4)Slide2
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Scoreboard Implications
Out-of-order completion => WAR, WAW hazards
Solutions for
WAR
CDC 6600:
Stall Write
to allow Reads to take place; Read registers only during Read Operands stage.
For
WAW
, must detect hazard:
stall in the Issue
stage until other completes
Need to have multiple instructions in execution phase => multiple execution units or pipelined execution units
Scoreboard replaces ID with 2 stages (Issue and RO)
Scoreboard keeps track of dependencies, state or operations
Monitors every change in the hardware.
Determines when to read ops, when can execute, when can
wb
.
Hazard detection and resolution is centralized.Slide3
3
Four Stages of Scoreboard Control
1. Issue
—decode instructions & check for structural hazards (ID1)
If a functional unit for the instruction is free and no other active instruction has the same destination register (WAW), the scoreboard issues the instruction to the functional unit and updates its internal data structure.
If a structural or WAW hazard exists, then the instruction issue stalls
, and no further instructions will issue until these hazards are cleared.
2. Read operands
—wait until no data hazards, then read operands (ID2)
A source operand is available if no earlier issued active instruction is going to write it, or if the register containing the operand is being written by a currently active functional unit. When the source operands are available, the scoreboard tells the functional unit to proceed to read the operands from the registers and begin execution. The scoreboard resolves RAW hazards dynamically in this step, and instructions may be sent into execution out of order.Slide4
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Four Stages of Scoreboard Control
3.Execution
—operate on operands (EX)
The functional unit begins execution upon receiving operands. When the result is ready, it notifies the scoreboard that it has completed execution.
4.Write result
—finish execution (WB)
Once the scoreboard is aware that the functional unit has completed execution, the scoreboard checks for WAR hazards. If none, it writes results.
If WAR, then it stalls the instruction.
Example:
DIVD F0,F2,F4
ADDD F10,F0,
F8
SUBD
F8
,F8,F14
CDC 6600 scoreboard would stall SUBD until ADDD reads
operands
CDC 6600 has one integer, 2 FP multipliers, 1 FP divide, 1 FP add units.
See Fig. A.50.Slide5
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Three Parts of the Scoreboard
1. Instruction status
—
which of 4 steps the instruction is in
2. Functional unit status
—
Indicates the state of the functional unit (FU). 9 fields for each functional unit
Busy
—Indicates whether the unit is busy or not
Op
—Operation to perform in the unit (e.g., + or –)
Fi
—Destination register
Fj, Fk
—Source-register numbers
Qj, Qk
—Functional units producing source registers Fj, Fk
Rj, Rk
—Flags indicating when Fj, Fk are ready
and not yet read. Set to
No after operand are read.
3. Register result status
—
Indicates which functional unit will write each register, if one exists. Blank when no pending instructions will write that register
Slide6
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Scoreboard Example Cycle
7
Note:
(1) In-order Issue (2) I2 could not be issued at cycle 2 due to structural hazard (3) I3 issued in cycle 6, but
stalled at read because I2 isn’t completeSlide7
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Review: Scoreboard
Limitations of 6600 scoreboard
No forwarding
Limited to instructions in basic block (small
window
)
Large number of functional units (structural hazards)
Stall on WAR hazards
Stall on WAW hazards
DIV.D F0, F2, F4
ADD.D
F6
, F0,
F8
S.D F6, 0(R1)
SUB.D
F8
, F10, F14
MUL.D
F6
, F10, F8
WAR
WAW
Antidependence
Output dependence
Name dependenceSlide9
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Dynamic Scheduling:
Tomasulo
Algorithm
For IBM 360/91 about 3 years after CDC
6600 that proposed
scoreboarding
Goal: High Performance without special compilers
Differences between
Tomasulo
Algorithm & Scoreboard
Control & buffers distributed with Function Units vs. centralized in scoreboard; called “reservation stations”
Registers in instructions replaced by pointers to reservation station buffer
HW renaming of registers to avoid WAW hazards
Buffer operand values to avoid WAR hazards
Common Data Bus broadcasts results to all FUs
Load and Stores treated as FUs as well
Why study? Lead to Alpha 21264, HP 8000, MIPS 10000, Pentium II, Power PC 604 …Slide10
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10
FP unit and load-store unit using Tomasulo’s alg.Slide11
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Dynamic
Algorithm:
Tomasulo
Algorithm
DIV.D F0, F2, F4
ADD.D
S
, F0, F8
S.D
S
, 0(R1)
register renaming
SUB.D
T
, F10, F14
MUL.D F6, F10,
T
Implemented through reservation stations (rs) per functional unit
Buffers an operand as soon as it is available – avoids WAR hazards.
Pending instr. designate rs that will provide their inputs – avoids WAW hazards.
The last write in a sequence of same-register-writing actually updates the register
Decentralize hazard detection and execution control
Instruction results are passed directly to the FU from rs rather than from registers
Through common data bus (CDB)Slide12
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Three Stages of Tomasulo Algorithm
1. Issue
—get instruction from FP Op Queue
Stall if structural hazard, ie. no space in the rs. If reservation station (
rs
) is free, the issue logic issues instr to
rs
& read operands into
rs if ready (
Register renaming => Solves WAR
). Make status of destination register waiting for this latest instn even if the previous instn writing to this register hasn’t completed => Solves WAW hazards
.
2. Execution
—operate on operands (EX)
When both operands are
ready
then execute;
if not ready, watch CDB for result – Solves RAW
3. Write result
—finish execution (WB)
Write on Common Data Bus to all awaiting units;
mark reservation station available. Write result into dest. reg. if its status is
r
. => Solves WAW.
Normal data bus: data + destination (“go to” bus)CDB: data + source (“come from” bus)64 bits of data + 4 bits of Functional Unit source addressWrite if matches expected Functional Unit (produces result)Does broadcastSlide13
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Reservation Station Components
Op
—Operation to perform in the unit (e.g., + or –)
Vj, Vk
— Value of the source operand.
Qj, Qk
— Name of the RS that would provide the source operands. Value
zero
means the source operands already available in Vj or Vk, or is not necessary.
Busy
—Indicates reservation station or FU is busy
Register File Status Qi:
Qi
—Indicates which functional unit will write each register, if one exists. Blank (0) when no pending instructions that will write that register meaning that the value is already available. Slide14
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Tomasulo
Status pp.
99Slide15
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Tomasulo Example Cycle
0Slide16
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Tomasulo Example Cycle
1Slide17
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Tomasulo Example Cycle
2Slide18
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Tomasulo Example Cycle
3Slide19
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Tomasulo Example Cycle
4Slide20
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Tomasulo Example Cycle
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Tomasulo Example Cycle
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Tomasulo Example Cycle
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Tomasulo Example Cycle
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Tomasulo Example Cycle
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Tomasulo Example Cycle
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Tomasulo Example Cycle
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Tomasulo Example Cycle
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Tomasulo Example Cycle
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Tomasulo Example Cycle
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Tomasulo Example Cycle
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Tomasulo Example Cycle
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