Girding for War The North and the South Chapter 20 Introduction As Lincoln became President of the disUnited States on March 4 1861 seven states had already departed and eight more teetered on the edge ID: 702851
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Slide1
The Civil War
Chapters 20-21Slide2
Girding for War: The North and the South
Chapter 20Slide3
Introduction
As Lincoln became President of the dis-United States on March 4, 1861, seven states had already departed and eight more teetered on the edge.Slide4
South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter
Secession meant that the South was going to seize U.S. arsenals, mints, and other public property within their borders.
When Lincoln took office, there were only 2 southern forts that flew the stars and stripes; the most important being Fort Sumter in SC.
The fort was running out of supplies, but any attempt to restock the fort would be seen by the South as an act of reinforcement.Slide5
South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter
Lincoln notified SC of his plan to resupply, but the South saw that as an attempt to reinforce.
On April 12, 1861, the South bombarded Fort Sumter for 34 hours until the dazed garrison surrendered.
The assault on Fort Sumter reenergized the North, who, were indifferent to the South’s secession in many cases.Slide6
South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter
3 days later Lincoln issued a call to the states for 75,000 militiamen and volunteers (so many came out that they were turned away).
This action roused the Southerners as much as the bombing had roused the Northerners.
VA, AK, NC and TN, who had earlier voted down secession, reluctantly joined their sister states.Slide7
Brother’s Blood and Border Blood
The only slave states left were the crucial Border
S
tates (MO, KY, MD, DE and later WV).
If the north had fired the first shot, these states likely would have joined the South, who likely could have won.
At first, Lincoln declared publicly that the war as not about slavery, which would have sent the Border States into the arms of the South.Slide8
Brother’s Blood and Border Blood
Lincoln had to make sure that he repeated that the war was about saving the Union at all costs, not slavery (although he was anti-slavery).
Slavery also colored the character of the war in the West.
The Five Civilized Tribes sided with the Confederacy because some of them (most notably the Cherokees) owned slaves.
The rival factions of the Cherokees and most of the Plains Indians sided with the Union.Slide9
President Davis Versus President Lincoln
The constitution of the Confederacy had one glaring weakness; it could not logically deny future secession to its states.
Determined states’ rights supporters fought him bitterly to the end.
Richmond had trouble persuading certain state troops to serve outside their own borders.Slide10
President Davis Versus President Lincoln
The governor of GA, a hardcore states’ righter, at times seemed ready to secede from the secession and fight both sides.
The North, on the other hand, was an established government, financially stable, and fully recognized at home and abroad.Slide11
Limitations on Wartime Liberties
Lincoln had to take away certain liberties from the people and overstep his bounds at the start of the war.
Many people were wary that he would not reconstitute these liberties once the war was over.
Because Congress was not in session at the start of the war, Lincoln had to take certain liberties on his own.Slide12
Limitations on Wartime Liberties
Lincoln proclaimed a blockade of the South.
He increased the size of the Army, something that only Congress could do.
He directed the secretary of the Treasury to advance $2 million to 3 private citizens.
He suspended the precious privilege of the writ of habeas corpus (having to be taken to court or before a judge if arrested)Slide13
The Economic Stresses of War
In early 1861, Congress passed the Morrill Tariff Act, which superseded the low Tariff of 1857 and raised duties some 5 to 10 percent.
A financial landmark of the war was the National Banking System, authorized by Congress in 1863.
It was established to stimulate the sale of war bonds and to establish a standard bank-note currency.Slide14
The Economic Stresses of War
Spawned by the war, this new system continued to function for fifty years, until replaced by the Federal Reserve System in 1913.
The Union blockade choked off the Southern customs duties.
The Confederacy was forces to print blue-backed paper money with no abandon, which made inflation rampant.Slide15
The Furnace of Civil War
Chapter 21Slide16
Introduction
When President Lincoln asked for 75,000 militiamen, he envisioned them only serving for 90 days.
With a swift flourish, he hoped to show the folly of secession and return the rebellious states to the Union.
When the guns fell silent four years later, hundreds of thousands of soldiers on both sides lay dead, slavery was ended forever, and the nation faced the challenge of reintegrating the defeated South.Slide17
Battle Songs
Dixie
http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=l5mRk5M5qT8&safety_mode=true&safe=active&persist_safety_mode=1
Battle Hymn of the Republic
http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=p5mmFPyDK_8&safety_mode=true&safe=active&persist_safety_mode=1Slide18
The War at Sea
It took a while for the North to extend the blockade to totally clamp down on the South.
The growing scarcity of goods in the South made it very profitable (700% profit) to try and run the blockade, but it was also dangerous.
Most of the blockade running ships came from Britain.Slide19
The Pivotal Point: Antietam
After Lee defeated McClellan’s assault on Richmond, he moved north to Maryland.
He hoped to strike a decisive blow that would not only encourage foreign intervention but also seduce the still-wavering border states to leave the Union.
Events finally converged toward a critical battle at Antietam Creek, MD.Slide20
The Pivotal Point: Antietam
The Union army found Lee’s battle plans left behind by a careless Confederate officer.
With this crucial piece of information , McClellan succeeded in halting Lee at Antietam on Sept 17, 1862, in one of the bitterest and bloodiest battles of the war.
Lee retreated and McClelland did not pursue him. McClellan was removed from command for the 2
nd
and final time.Slide21
The Pivotal Point: Antietam
The South was never as close to victory as it was before Antietam.
The French and British were ready to put aside differences to intervene on the side of the Confederacy.
Antietam was also the victory Lincoln needed for launching his Emancipation Proclamation.Slide22
The Pivotal Point: Antietam
Abolitionists were clamoring for Lincoln to make a move, but Lincoln was waiting for the right time militarily (it would seem that the North, unable to defeat the South was calling upon the slaves to murder their Southern masters).
Lincoln issued the preliminary proclamation on September 23, 1862.
The document announced that on January 1, 1863, the president would issue a final proclamation.Slide23
The Pivotal Point: Antietam
At this point, the Civil War became more of a moral crusade as the fate of slavery and the South it had sustained was sealed.
On January 1, 1863, Lincoln said, “the character of the war will be changed. It will be one of subjugation…The [old] South is to be destroyed and replaced by new propositions and ideas.”Slide24
A Proclamation Without Emancipation
The presidential pen did not formally strike the shackles from a single slave.
Where Lincoln could presumably free the salves- that is, in the loyal Border States- he refused to do so, lest he spur disunion.
Where he could not- that is, in the Confederate states- he tried to.
In short, where he
could
he would not, and where he
would
he could not.Slide25
A Proclamation Without Emancipation
Even without the actual freeing of slaves under the Emancipation Proclamation, slavery was doomed.
This was legally achieved by action of the individual states and by their ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865, eight months after the Civil War ended.Slide26
Lee’s Last Lunge at Gettysburg
After Antietam, Lincoln replaced McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac with Gen. A.E. Burnside (sideburns were named after his whiskers).
Burnside made a huge mistake and lost more than 10,000 men at Fredericksburg, VA in Dec. of 1862.
Burnside was relieved of his duty and replaced by Joseph (Fighting Joe) Hooker.Slide27
Lee’s Last Lunge at Gettysburg
Lee and “Stonewall” Jackson defeated Hooker at Chancellorsville, VA, but victory for the South came at a cost.
Jackson was mistakenly shot by one of his own men at dusk and died a few days later.
Hooker was replaced by George G. Meade as the revolving door of Northern generals continued.Slide28
Lee’s Last Lunge at Gettysburg
Meade commanded the Union at Gettysburg, PA as 92,000 troops viciously battled 76,000 grey clad Confederate troops.
The battle was not decided until the end as Gen. Pickett’s charge came up short and Southern defeat was all but assured.
Pickett’s charge at Gettysburg was the most northern point that any Confederate force would reach.Slide29
Lee’s Last Lunge at Gettysburg
Davis sent negotiators north just in time to reach Washington as Lee’s victory at Gettysburg.
Unfortunately for the South, victory was Lincoln’s and he did not allow the peace mission past northern lines.
The Southern cause was doomed, but the men of Dixie fought on for nearly two more years.Slide30
Lee’s Last Lunge at Gettysburg
Later in the Autumn of 1863, Lincoln journeyed to Gettysburg to dedicate the cemetery.
There, Lincoln gave a 2 minute speech that, at the time, was considered, “ludicrous”, “
dishwatery
”, and “silly”.
The Gettysburg Address attracted little attention at the time, but the president was speaking for the ages.Slide31
Sherman Scorches Georgia
Gen. Ulysses S. Grant won a series of battles in TN that opened the way for an invasion of GA (Grant was rewarded by being named general in chief).
The conquest of GA was left to Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman, who reached Atlanta in Sept. 1864 and then burned the city in Nov.
His 60 mile path of destruction was aimed at cutting off supply lines and weakening Southern morale by waging war on their homes.Slide32
The Politics of War
Unfortunately for Lincoln, the campaign for the election of 1864 was happening during the greatest crisis on American history.
What is worse were the factions beginning to form within Lincoln’s party.
Particularly bothersome to Lincoln was the Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War, which was formed in 1861 and resented the expansion of presidential power in wartime.Slide33
The Politics of War
A blow was dealt to the Democrats seven weeks after the beginning of the war when Stephen Douglas died of typhoid fever.
This, in effect, split the Democrats into 2 groups; the “War Democrats” and the “Peace Democrats” whose extreme members were known as Copperheads.
The Copperheads were strong in parts of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois.Slide34
The Election of 1864
Fearing defeat at the hands of the Peace Democrats and the Copperheads, the Republicans joined with the War Democrats as the Union party.
Lincoln, although challenged early by Sec. of the Treasury Salmon Chase, was nominated by the Republican party.
Lincoln’s running mate, Andrew Johnson, was nominated for his ability to bring in other War Dems. as well as border state votes (former tailor).Slide35
The Election of 1864
The Democrats, both Peace and Copperheads, nominated the deposed Northern general McClellan.
Lincoln’s re-election was seriously in doubt as election day neared, but then a string of Northern victories sealed his re-election.
Lincoln defeated McClellan 212 electoral votes to 12.Slide36
Grant Outlasts Lee
Grant battled Lee in the Wilderness Campaign in May and June of 1864 (“Bloody Angle” and “Hell’s Half Acre”).
Grant lost 50,000 men (about as many as Lee commanded) and Lee lost as many in proportion.
On June 3
rd
, 1864, Grant took a calculated risk at Cold Harbor as Union men charged to their certain death with their names and addresses pinned to their backs (7,000 were killed or wounded in a few minutes).Slide37
Grant Outlasts Lee
The end of the war came with dramatic suddenness.
Grant marched to Richmond and cornered Lee at Appomattox Courthouse in VA. in April 1865.
On Palm Sunday, Grant met with Lee and granted generous terms of surrenderSlide38
Lincoln’s Martyrdom
Only 5 days after Lee’s surrender, on April 14
th
, 1865 (good Friday) Lincoln was shot by fanatical pro-Southern actor, John Wilkes Booth.
A large number of his countrymen had not suspected his greatness, and many others had even doubted his ability.
His dramatic death helped to erase the memory of his shortcomings and caused his nobler qualities to stand out in clearer relief.Slide39
The Aftermath of the Nightmare
Over 600,000 men died in action or of disease, and in all over a million were killed or seriously wounded.
The modern equivalent would be a loss of some 6 million American lives.
What is worse is that the country lost the cream of its young manhood and leadership, while tens of thousands of babies went unborn.Slide40
The Aftermath of the Nightmare
Direct monetary costs of the conflict totaled about $15 billion.
The extreme states’ righters were crushed and the national government emerged unbroken.
The English Reform Bill of 1867, passed 2 years after then Civil War ended, making Britain a true political democracy.Slide41
The Aftermath of the Nightmare
Grave dangers were averted by a Union victory, but America still had a long way to go to make the promises of freedom a reality for all it citizens, black and white.
Emancipation laid the groundwork, and a united and democratic United States was free to fulfill its destiny as the dominant republic of the hemisphere- and eventually of the world.