Lecturer Dr Samah A Jassam BSc MSc PhD MRSB AlMustansiriya University Collage of Pharmacy Two major types of stem cells in mammals 1 Embryonic stem cells that are isolated from the inner cell mass of ID: 934260
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Slide1
Stem cells and Immune System Cells
Lecturer Dr Samah A. Jassam BSc MSc PhD MRSB
Al-Mustansiriya University Collage of Pharmacy
Slide2Two
major types of stem cells in
mammals:
1- Embryonic
stem cells
, that are isolated from the inner cell mass of
blastocytes
.2- Adult stem cells, which are found in various types of tissues in adult organisms.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells, these cells can divide by mitosis to produce more stem cells (self-renew) cells. They are found in multicellular organisms.
Stem cells
Slide3The discovery of
s
tem cells
In 1981. the detailed study of the biology of mouse stem cells has led to the discovery of the stem cells
.
In 1998, a discovery of a method to derive human stem cells from human embryos and grow the cells in the laboratory
.
Ethics
The
embryos used in these studies were created for reproductive purposes through
in
vitro
fertilization
procedures.
When they were no longer needed for that purpose, they were donated for research with the informed consent of the donor.
Slide4Stem cells are recognized from other cell types by
three major characteristics as follow:
Stem cells are
undifferentiated
cells.
Capable of renewing themselves through cell division, even after long periods of inactivity.
They have the potential to become specialized cells, such as muscle cells, blood cells, and brain cells.
Slide5Types of Adult Stem Cells
Stem cells are classified into two major categories
Embryonic stem cells (ESC)
:
these cells are derived from embryos at a developmental stage before the time of implantation would normally occur in the uterus. can give rise to cells from all three embryonic germ layers i.e. ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm,
Adult stem cells (ASC):
Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells found throughout the body that divide to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissue. They are also known as somatic stem cells which can be found in children as well as adults.
Slide6Types of Adult Stem Cells
Bone marrow hematopoietic stem
cells
Hematopoietic stem cells are the early precursor cells which
give
rise to all the blood cell types that includes both the myeloid
and lymphoid lineages
2. Bone marrow stromal stem cells: Mammary stem cells provide
the source of cells for growth of mammary gland.
3. Neural
stem cells
: The existence of stem cells in the adult
brain
following
the discovery that the process of neurogenesis4. Olfactory adult stem cells: Olfactory adult stem cells
isolated from
human olfactory mucosa
cells.
5. Adipose
derived adult stem cells
: These
cell shave
also been isolated
from
human
fat tissue.
Slide7Slide8Present scenario in stem cell
therapy
Allogenic
stem cell therapy: matched or unmatched
Syngenic
stem cell transplant: Identical twin
Autologous stem cell transplant
Cord blood stem cell transplant
Complications of stem cell therapy infection
, regimen toxicity,carcinogenicity,
immune deficiency and,
mortality due to co-occurrence of complications.
Slide9Blood tissue
Slide10Structure of Blood tissue
Blood tissue is found inside the blood vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins). Blood consists of many components (constituents) :
55% plasma,
45% which are the blood
cells
99
% of the blood cells are red blood cells (erythrocytes) and 1% are the white blood cells (leukocytes) and blood platelets
(thrombocytes).
Slide11Haematopoiesis
is the production of all types of blood cells including formation, development, and differentiation. It occurs in the
yolk sack, then in the liver, and lastly in the bone marrow
. In the normal situation, haematopoiesis in adults occurs in the bone marrow and lymphatic tissues.
Slide12Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
HSCs are localised in the medulla of the bone marrow and have the unique ability to give rise to all of the different mature blood cell types and tissues. HSCs are self-renewing cells, some of their daughter cells remain as HSCs, and this phenomenon is called asymmetric division.
The other daughter cells will be either myeloid or lymphoid progenitor cells, they can differentiation, but cannot renew themselves.
Slide13All
blood cells are divided into three
lineages
Erythroid cells
are the oxygen carrying red blood cells.
Lymphocytes
are derived from common
lymphoid progenitors. The lymphoid lineage is primarily composed of T-cells and B-cells (types of white blood cells).
Myelocytes, which include granulocytes, megakaryocytes and macrophages and are derived from common myeloid progenitors
, are involved in such diverse roles as innate immunity,
adaptive
immunity, and blood clotting.
Slide14Formation of red blood cells (RBC) (erythrocytes)
Red blood cell production takes place in the
bone marrow
under the control of the
hormone EPO
. This hormone (EPO) is produced in the
kidney
in response to decreased O2
delivery (as in anemia and hypoxia).
RBC
production requires adequate supplies of substrates, mainly
iron, vitamin
B
12
, and folate
. RBCs survive about 120 days. They then lose their cell membranes and are largely cleared from the circulation by the phagocytic cells of the spleen, liver, and bone marrow.
Slide15Formation of platelets
Platelets are produced during haematopoiesis from common myeloid progenitor cells in the bone marrow, which differentiate into
promegakaryocytes
and then into megakaryocytes. Megakaryocytes stay in the bone marrow and are thought to produce
protoplatelets
within their cytoplasm, which are released in cytoplasmic extensions upon cytokine stimulus. The protoplatelets then break up into hundreds of platelets that circulate throughout the
bloodstream
Slide16White blood
cells (WBC) (leukocytes)
All white blood cells are produced and derived from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. Leukocytes are found throughout the body, including the blood and lymphatic system. All white blood cells have nuclei, which distinguishes them from the other blood cells
.
Two pairs of major categories classify them
:
either by structure into (granulocytes or agranulocytes)
or by cell division lineage
into (myeloid cells or lymphoid cells).
Slide17Maturation of blood cells
As a stem cell matures it undergoes changes in gene expression. These changes can often be tracked by monitoring the presence of proteins on the surface of the cell.
Leukocytes
are rapidly increased during infection. The proliferation and self-renewal of these cells depend on growth factors. It is one of the key players in self-renewal and development of hematopoietic cells is stem cell factor (
SCF
).
Slide18Slide19