Causes of Disease in eHRAF World Cultures - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Causes of Disease

in eHRAF World Cultures

An eHRAF Workbook Activity

Human Relations Area Files

at Yale University

Slide2

How do ideas about

causes of disease

vary across cultures?

Read

ethnographic passages in eHRAF

Answer

quiz questions about Hopi, Ojibwa, Central Thai, and Taiwan Hokkien medicine

In this activity

Topics We'll Cover

Slide3

CAUSES OF DISEASE

across cultures

Slide4

How do different cultures interpret illness and disease?

Cultural views on medicine vary widely. Sometimes they may even clash.

For example, some cultures may interpret the “common cold” as being caused by germs, while other

cu

l

tur

es m

a

y

find

causality in angry

s

p

i

ri

ts.

Due to such cultural

div

e

rsi

ty, it is important for medical staff to understand and be aware of cultural differences in order to treat patients effectively.

Did you know?

Slide5

Found in eHRAF World Cultures

The

Croats

believe that chilling a part of the body, such as by sitting in a drafty room or going outside with wet hair, causes a cold (Gilliland 1986).

As a

remedy

, the Croatian liquor

rakija

is said to cure everything "from a cut to the common cold" (Bennett 1974)

The

Tiv

of Nigeria believe that the common cold is associated with the phases of the moon (Bohannan 1953).

“Eating raw onions” can be used to

treat

the cold (Bohannan 1969).

Taiwan-Hokkien

believe that cold is caused by “fright or offense” (Gould-Martin 1975).

The

Amhara

of Ethiopia the believe “that smelling the urine of another will give one a cold” (Levine 1965).

Ethnographic examples of "the common cold"

Slide6

eHRAF

WORKBOOK ACTIVITY

quiz questions

Slide7

1. Follow the document permalink provided to access the

Publication Information

page, such as:

🌐

https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=nt09-063

View documents in eHRAF World Cultures

2. Select the page number you wish to read from the drop-down menu on the top right-hand side of the page

Note: You may also find documents via

Browse Documents

by entering an author's last name.

Slide8

HOPI (NT09)

Southwestern United States

Answers

to the

f

ol

low

in

g

qu

e

s

tions

can be

found

in

J

e

rrold E. Levy’s chapter titled “Soul Loss” in Hopi Shamanism: A Reappraisal.Read pages: 318-319 https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=nt09-063

🌐

Slide9

1.  Accor

ding to Levy, the Hopi did not traditionally believe in soul loss as a cause of illness. Which of the following did they consider to be possible causes of illness?

HOPI (NT09)

disbelief, bad thoughts, and anxiety

A

bad luck

B

casting a spell on someone

C

emotional imbalance

D

A and D

E

Slide10

2. Accor

ding to Hopi belief, which illness or condition can witches cause?

HOPI (NT09)

insanity

A

blindness

B

fright illness

C

malaria

D

smallpox

E

Slide11

3.

Hopis

believed t

hat c

ontact with i

mproperl

y kill

e

d game animal

s

wa

s

the m

o

st

co

mm

on ca

use

of seizures among children.HOPI (NT09)TRUEFALSEor

Slide12

4. Tewas believe that epilepsy is caused by “evil winds” sent by a witch.

HOPI (NT09)

TRUE

FALSE

or

Slide13

Read Chris

topher Vec

s

ey’s chapter titled “Cau

ses

of Disea

se” in “Traditional Ojibwa religion and its historical changes” and answer the following questions.

OJIBWA(NG06)

Plains Region, United States and Canada

Pages: 145-148

https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=ng06-041

🌐

Slide14

1.  To what do

the Ojibwa attribute the mythological origin of disease?

OJIBWA (NG06)

angering an ancestor spirit

A

a misbalanced hunting relationship between humans and animals

B

a misbalanced relationship between humans and spirits

C

giving someone the "evil eye"

D

A and D

E

Slide15

2.  In

the traditional Ojibwa belief sys

tem, the ca

use or causes f

or disease

s are:

OJIBWA (NG06)

intrusion of a foreign object into the body

A

soul loss and manitos

B

improper contact with sources of power

C

all of the above

D

none of the above

E

Slide16

3.  Acco

rding to Ojibwa beliefs, witches historically used which kind

of me

thods to induce diseases

?

OJIBWA (NG06)

cause a water ghost to molest their victim

A

scratch victims with poisons

B

poison victim's food

C

A and B

D

B and C

E

Slide17

4.  Vecsey repo

rts that some witches were particularly fearsome when

posin

g as which animal?

OJIBWA (NG06)

wolf

A

mountain lion

B

bear

C

coyote

D

snake

E

Slide18

Read R

obert Textor’s chapter titled “Initiative-ta

king, Non-pos

sessing Ghosts tha

t Cau

se Illness” in “Roster of the gods: an ethnography of the supernatural in a Thai village ” and answer the following questions.

CENTRAL THAI (AO07)

Central and Southern Thailand

Read pages: 382-383

https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=ao07-011

🌐

Slide19

1. According to Textor, the Central Thai see the "Water Ghost" as being derived from a dead person who inhabits not only ponds and lakes, but also forests, mountains, and fields.

CENTRAL THAI (AO07)

TRUE

FALSE

or

Slide20

2. According to Textor, the Central Thai see the “Epidemic Ghost” as always being male.

CENTRAL THAI (AO07)

TRUE

FALSE

or

Slide21

3. The Water Ghost and Epidemic Ghost induce illness by intrusion of foreign objects into a body.

CENTRAL THAI (AO07)

TRUE

FALSE

or

Slide22

4.  Which of the following explains

how the Water Ghost is generated from a bo

dy of water?

CENTRAL THAI (AO07)

when a person drowns

A

when a corpse or ghost is deposited in a body of water

B

from an ancestor spirit that already lives in the water

C

A and B

D

A and C

E

Slide23

5.  What kind of disease may be caused by th

e Water Ghost?

CENTRAL THAI (AO07)

malaria

A

chicken pox

B

stomach flu

C

windigo

D

hiccups

E

Slide24

6.  What can be used to protect

against Epidemic Ghosts?

CENTRAL THAI (AO07)

sacralized salt and sand

A

sacralized pepper and salt

B

sacralized salt and rocks

C

sacralized herbs

D

sacralized slate

E

Slide25

Read Emily

Martin’s section titled “Kno

w

ing the Cause of an Illness” in “Sacred and secular medicine in a Taiwan village: a study of cosmological disorders” and answer the following questions.

TAIWAN HOKKIEN (AD05)

Hokkien, Taiwan

Read pages: 99-101

https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=ad05-063

🌐

Slide26

1.  According to Martin, the T

aiwan Hokkien attribute "Phuà-pi" to:

TAIWAN HOKKIEN (AD05)

trouble that arises from outside the body

A

being hit or bumped by something

B

being allergic to something

C

all of the above

D

none of the above

E

Slide27

2.  What method may a Chinese-style doctor use to d

iagnose an illness?

TAIWAN HOKKIEN (AD05)

stethoscope and blood pressure readings

A

urine and blood tests

B

studying the color of the complexion

C

all of the above

D

none of the above

E

Slide28

3.  According to Martin, which (if any) of the following best describes a tre

atment that might be prescribed by a Western-style doctor?

TAIWAN HOKKIEN (AD05)

herbal and natural substances

A

antibiotics in form of powders or injections

B

special diet

C

all of the above

D

none of the above

E

Slide29

References

1. This activity was adapted in part from

Causes of Disease

, by Christiane Cunnar, in Teaching eHRAF. https://hraf.yale.edu/teach-ehraf/causes-of-disease/

2. Levy, Je

rr

old E. 1994. “Hopi Sha

mani

sm: A

R

ea

ppraisa

l

.” Nor

th

Americ

an

In

di

a

n Anthropology: Essays On Society And Culture. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=nt09-063.3. Martin, Emily. 1975. “Sacred And Secul

a

r Medici

ne In A Tai

w

an Village: A S

tudy Of C

osmological Disorders.” Medicine In Chinese Cultures: Comparati

ve

Studies Of Health Care In

Chine

s

e And Other Soc

ieties. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Hea

lth, Edu

catio

n,

and Welfare, National Institutes of Health. https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=

ad

0

5

-0

63

.

4. Textor, Robert B.

1973. “Roster Of The Gods: An Ethnography Of The Supernatural In A Thai Village.” Ethnography Series. New Haven, Conn.: Human Relations Area Files. https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=ao07-011.

5. Vecsey

, Christopher. 1983. “Traditional Ojibwa Religion And Its Historical Changes.” Memoirs. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=ng06-041.

Slide30

Causes of Disease

in eHRAF World Cultures

An eHRAF Workbook Activity

Human Relations Area Files

at Yale University

Produced by

hraf.yale.edu