Miscellaneous Drugs used in deaddiction - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Miscellaneous

Drugs used in deaddiction

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of 100

Slide2

Objectives

To know about the organizational setup of the centre.

To know about the physical set up of the de-addiction centre.

To know about the background of the centre.

To know about various facilities provided by the De-addiction centre. To know about records and reports maintained. To gain knowledge regarding the treatment measures for patients with drug addiction

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Slide3

INTRODUCTION

Disorders due to psychoactive substance use refer to conditions arising from the abuse of alcohol, psychoactive drugs and other chemicals such as volatile agents

Substance abuse has also been referred to as any use of substances that poses significant hazards to health.

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Slide4

SUBSTANCE: The term substance is used in reference to any drug, medication or toxin that shares the potential for abuse.

ADDICTION: Addiction is a psychological and physiological dependence on alcohol or other drugs of abuse that effects the central nervous system in such a way that withdrawal symptoms are experienced when the substance is discontinued.

Definition

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Slide5

Classification

F10-F19 Mental and behaviours disorders due to psychoactive substance use

Mental behaviours disorders due to use of alcohol

Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of opioids

Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of cannabinoids Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of sedatives or hypnotics Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of cocaine

Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of hallucinogen

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Slide6

Commonly used psychotropic substance

• Alcohol • Opioids

• Cannabis

• Cocaine

• Amphetamines and other sympathomimetics• Hallucinogens for example, phencyclidine • Sedatives and hypnotics, for example, barbiturates • Inhalants, for example, volatile solvents • Nicotine Page

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Slide7

Etiological factors in psychoactive substance use

1. Biological factors: • Genetic vulnerability

• Biochemical factors

• Neurobiological theories

• Withdrawal • Comorbid medical disorder2. Behavioural theories • Behavioural scientists view drug abuse as the result of conditioning, or cumulative reinforcement from drug abuse. • Drug use causes euphoric experience perceived as rewarding, thereby motivating user to keep taking the drug (which then serves as a biological reward). Stimuli and settings associated with drug use may themselves become reinforcing or may trigger drug carving that can lead to relapse (many recovering addicts change their environment cues that that could promote drug use).

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Slide8

Etiological factors in psychoactive substance use

3. Psychological factors: • General rebelliousness

• Sense of inferiority

• Poor impulse control all

• Low self esteem • Inability to cope with the pressure of living and society (poor stress management skills) • Loneliness, unmet needs • Desire to escape from reality • Desire to experiment, a sense of adventure • Pleasure seeking

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Slide9

Etiological factors in psychoactive substance use

4. Social factors: • Religious reasons

• Peer pressure

• Urbanization

• Extended periods of education • Unemployment • Overcrowding • Poor social support • Effects of television and other mass media • Occupation: Substance use is more common in chefs, barmen, executives, salesmen, actors, entertainers, army personnel, journalists, medical personnel etc.

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Slide10

Etiological factors in psychoactive substance use

5. Easy availabil

i

ty of d

rugsTakin

g drugs prescribed by doctors (for example,

benzod

iazepine dependence)

Takin

g drugs that can be bought legally without prescription (for example, nicotine, opioids)

Tak

i

ng

d

r

u

gs

that

can

be

obta

i

n

ed from illicit sources (for example, street drugs)6. Psychiatric disorders Substance use disorders are more common in depression Anxiety disorders (particularly social phobias) Personality disorders (antisocial personality) Occasionally in organic brain disease

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Slide11

Consequences

o

f

su

b

s

t

a

n

c

e

a

b

u

s

e

physical dependence, psychological dependence

Unhealthy lifestyles and behaviours such as poor diet

Impairs social and occupational functioning, creating

personal,

professional,financial,and legal problems

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Slide12

In early adolescence may lead to emotional and

behavioural problems

In pregnant women, substance abuse jeopardizes foetal well-being

Psychoactive substances produce negative outcomes

including maladaptive behaviour, 'bad trips', and even long

term psychosis

Illicit street drugs pose added dangers; materials used to dilute them can cause toxic or allergic reactions

Consequences

o

f

s

u

b

s

t

a

n

c

e

a

b

u

s

e

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Slide13

Dynamics of substance

related disorders

Alcohol dependence syndrome: It refers to the use of alcoholic beverages to the point of causing damage to the individual, society or both. Signs and symptoms of alcohol dependence:

Minor complaints: Malaise, dyspepsia, mood swings or depression, increased incidence of infection.

Poor personal hygiene, untreated injuries (cigarette burns, fractures that cannot be explained)

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Slide14

Dynamics of substance

related disorders

• Unusually high tolerance for sedatives and opioids

• Nutritional deficiency

• Consumption of alcohol containing products (mouthwash, aftershave lotion, lighter fluid etc.) • Denial of problem • Tendency to blame others and rationalize problem Page 14

of 100

Slide15

De-Addiction

• Drug rehabilitation is a term for the processes of medical or psychotherapeutic treatment, for dependency on psychoactive substances such as alcohol, prescription drugs, and street drugs such as cocaine.

• The general intent is to enable the patient to cease substance abuse, in order to avoid the psychological, legal, financial, social, and physical consequences that can be caused, especially by extreme abuse.

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Slide16

1.Primary prevention: • Reduction of over prescribing by doctors • Identification and treatment of family members who may be contributing to the drug abuse.

• Introduction of social changes is likely to affect drinking patterns in the population as a whole. This is made possible by:

Putting up the price of alcohol and alcoholic beverages.

Controlling or abolishing the advertising of alcoholic drinks.

Controls on sales Sales restricting availability Control • Strengthen the individual's personal and social skills to increase self-esteem and resistance to peer pressure.

• Health education to college students and the youth

Prevention of substance use disorder

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Slide17

3. Secondary prevention: • Early detection and counseling • Brief intervention in primary care

• Motivational interviewing • A full assessment including an appraisal of current medical, psychological and social problems. • Detoxification with benzodiazepines (diazepam).

3. Tertiary prevention:

• Alcohol deterrent therapy (Disulfiram)

• Other therapies include assertiveness training, teaching copying skills, behaviour counseling, supportive psychotherapy • Agencies concerned with alcohol- related problems Prevention of

substance use disorder

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Slide18

Prevention of

substance use disorder

Some practical issues under relapse prevention include:

• Motivation enhancement

• Identifying high-risks situations and developing strategies to deal with them • Drink refusal skills (assertiveness training) • Dealing with faulty cognitions • Handling negative mood states • Time statement • Anger control' • Financial management

• Developing the work habit

• Stress management

• Recreation and spirituality

• Family counseling, to reduce interpersonal conflicts, which may otherwise trigger relapse.

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Slide19

TREATMENT

• Treatment includes medication for depression or other disorders, counseling by experts and sharing of experience with other addicts.

• Some rehab centres include meditation and spiritual wisdom in the treatment process.

TYPES OF TREATMENT

Various types of programs offer help in drug rehabilitation

Some rehab centers offer age- and gender-specific programs.

The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) recommends detoxification followed by both medication and behavioural therapy, followed by relapse prevention.

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Drugs used in CPR & emergency

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Slide21

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

(

CPR

)

is a lifesaving technique useful in many emergencies

,

including heart attack or near drowning, in which someone's breathing or heartbeat has stopped

.

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Slide22

Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation is a technique of basic life support for oxygenating the brain and heart until appropriate,

definitive medical

treatment

can restore normal heart and ventilator

action.

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Slide23

To maintain an open and

clear

airway

(A).

To maintain breathing by

external

ventilation

(B).

To maintain Blood circulation by external cardiac massages

(C).

To save

life

of the Patient

.

To provide basic life support till medical and advanced life support arrives.

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Slide24

Cardiac

Ar

r

est

Ventricular

f

i

brillation

(

V

F

)

Ventricu

l

ar

t

a

chycardia

(V

T

)

AsystolePulse less electrical activityPage 24 of 100

Slide25

R

esp

i

ratory

Arresst

T

h

i

s

may

be

res

u

l

t

of

fol

l

ow

i

n

g:

Drow

n

ingStrokeForeign body in throatSmoke inhalationDrug

over

d

ose

S

u

f

foc

a

t

i

on

A

cci

d

e

n

t,

i

n

j

u

ry

·

Coma

E

p

i

g

l

ott

i

s

p

a

r

a

l

ysis

.

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Slide26

To restore effective circulation and ventilation.

To prevent irreversible cerebral damage due to anoxia. When the heart fails to maintain the cerebral circulation for approximately four minutes the brain may suffer irreversible damage.

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Slide27

C

P

R

procedu

re

Sequences Of Procedures Performed To Restore The Circulation Of Oxygenated Blood After A Sudden Pulmonary And/or Cardiac Arrest

Chest Compressions And Pulmonary Y Ventilation Performed By

Anyone

H

o Knows How To Do

It

,

Anywhere

,

Immediately

,

Without

Any Other

Equipment

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of 100

Slide28

Place

the heel of one hand in the centre of the chest

Place other hand on top

Interlock

fingers

Compress the chest

Rate 100 min

·

1

Depth 4-5 cm (1.5 to 2 inch)

Equal compression : relaxation

When possible change CPR operator every 2 min

CHEST COMPRESSIONS

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Slide29

Pinch the nose

Take a normal breath

Place lips over mouth

Blow

until the

chest rises

Take about 1second

Allow

chest to fall

-

Repeat

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Slide30

R

E

C

O

MME

N

DA

T

I

O

N

S:

T

i

dal

vo

l

u

m

e

500

-

600 ml

Respiratory

rate

gi

ve each breaths over about

1s w it Enough volume to make the victim's chest riseChest-compression-onlycontinuously at a rate of 100 minPage 30 of 100

Slide31

Coro

n

ary

vessel

i

nj

u

ry

D

i

a

p

hra

g

m

i

n

j

u

ry

H

e

mo

p

e

ricardiumHemothoraxInterference with ventilat

i

on

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of 100

Slide32

Coro

n

ary

vess

e

l

i

nj

u

ry

D

i

a

p

hra

g

m

i

n

j

u

ry

H

e

mo

pericardiumHemothoraxInte

rf

e

r

e

n

ce

w

i

th

v

e

n

t

i

l

at

i

on

L

i

v

e

r

i

n

j

u

ry

M

y

oc

a

r

d

i

al

i

n

j

u

ry

P

n

e

u

m

ot

h

o

r

ax

R

i

b

f

rac

t

ures

S

p

l

e

e

n injurySternalfracture

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Slide33

M

E

D

I

CA

L

MA

N

A

G

E

M

E

N

T

Adrenaline

Adrenaline

(

epinephrine)

is the main drug used during resuscitation from

cardiac

arrest.

Atropine

Atropine

as a single

dose

of 3mg is sufficient

to block vagaltone completely and should be used once in cases of a systole. It is also indicated for symptomatic bradycardia in a dose of 0.5mg - 1mg.AmiodaroneIt is an antiarrhythmic drug.Page 33 of 100

Slide34

NURSIN

G MANAGEME

N

T

Maintains airway patency with use of airway adjuncts as required (suction,

high f low oxygen with 02 or bag valve mask

ventilation).

Assist with intubation and securing of ETT

Inserts gastric tube and

/

or facilitates gastric decompression post intubation as required.

Assists with ongoing management of airway patency and adequate ventilation

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Slide35

Supports less experienced staff by coaching

/guidance e.g

. drug

preparation

If a shock able rhythm is present (VF

/

VT) ensure manual defibrillator pads are applied and connected.

If CPR is in progress

, prepare

and

independently double check and label 3 doses of adrenaline

Prepare and administer IV

fluids

Document medications

administered

(including time)

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of 100

Slide36

l

m

m

u

nosuppressi

on

Immunosuppressant

involves

an act that

reduces the

activation or efficacy

of the immune

sys

t

em

.

Some

port ions

of

the immun

e syste

m

itself

have

immune

-s

uppre

ssive effects on other parts of the immune system , and immunosuppressant may occuras an adverse reaction to treatment of

other

cond

iti

ons

.

I

MMUNOSUPPR

ESSAN

T

S

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of 100

Slide37

lmmu

n

osuppr

e

ssa nt

An

immunosuppressant is any

agent that

causes

immunosuppressant,

including

immunosuppressive

drugs

and

some environmental

toxins.

One of

the

primary uses of

immunosuppressant

drugs

is

to

lower

the body's ability

to reject

a

transplanted organ, such as a liver, heart or kidney.Page 37 of 100

Slide38

The

se dr

ugs can be classified into 4 categories.

Selective inhibitors

of cytokine production and function

Immunosuppressive antimetabolites

Antibodies

Adrenocorticois

Classification

Page

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of 100

Slide39

Cy

cl

o

s

porineE

v

er

o

l

i

m

u

s

S

i

r

o

l

i

mus

•

T

acrolimus

Selective inhibitor of cytokine p

ro

d

uct

ion and functionPage 39 of 100

Slide40

Cytokines are

soluble, Antigen Non

s

pecific

, signaling proteins

that bind

to

cell

s

urface

receptor

s

on

a variety

of

cells.

The

term

cytokines includes

the

molecule

s

known

as

interleukins

(

ILs

),

interferons (IFNs), tumor necrosis factors (TNFs), transforming growth factors and colony stimulating factors.Page 40 of 100

Slide41

Cyc

l

ospor

i

ne

Mechanism

of

action

:

Cyclosporine

preferentially

suppresses

cell mediated immune reactions, whereas

Hum oral

immunity is affected to a far lesser extent.

Cyclosporine blocks

the

transcription

of

cytokine genes

in

activated

T ce

ll

s.

After diffusing into the

T ce

lls, cyclosporine binds to acyclophilin to form a complex that binds to calcineurin. The latter is responsible for dephosphorylatin NFATc. Because the cyclosporine-ca lcineurin complex can t perform this reacbon, NFATc can't enter the nucleus to promote the reactions that

are

required

for the

synthesis

of a number of cytokines, including

I L

2.

The end result is

a

decrease

in

I L

-2,

which

is

the primary chemical stimulus for

in

c

r

eas

in

g

the

no. of

T- lymphocytes

.

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of 100

Slide42

Mechanism

of action

It exerts its immunosuppressive effects in the same manner as cyclosporine, except that

it

binds to

a d

ifferentimmunophilin

, FI<-

binding

protein-12

T

a

cro

li

m

us

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42

of 100

Slide43

Siro

limu

s

It binds

to same cytoplasm

FK-BP

as

Tacrolimus

,

but instead

of

forming a

complex

with

calcineu

rin,

Sirolimus

binds to mTOR.

Page

43

of 100

Slide44

Immunosuppressive

antimetabolites

Az

a

th

i

o

pr

i

ne

M

yc

o

phenola

te

mofetil

M

y

c

o

p

h

en

o

l

ate sodiumThese agents are generally used in combination with corticoster

oids a

nd

ca

l

cineurin

inhi

b

it

ors

,

cyc

l

osporine and

Tacr

o

l

imus

.

Page

44

of 100

Slide45

A

zathio

p

r

ine

An immunosuppressive antimetabolite pro-drug.

It inter feres

with

the purin

e synthesis

and is cytotoxic.

This drug

i

s conver

ted

into 6-merca ptopurine and

then to the

co

rr

espo

ndin

g

nucl

eot

i

de,

thioinosinic acid that

inhibit

DNA synthesis.Page 45 of 100

Slide46

Myco

p

h

e

nolate mofetil

Mechanism of action

It

is converted

into mycophenolic

acid, which

retains

proliferation

of

both Tand B

lymphocytes

and

reduce

the product ion

of

cytotoxic T

cells

by inhibiting

inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, an

enzyme

crucial

for

de

novo purine

biosynthesis in both T and B cells, so the drug has fairly selective action.Page 46 of 100

Slide47

Anti

bod

i

es

Alemt

u

z

u

mab

An

t

i

th

y

mocyte

g

lobulins

B

a

s

i

lixi

m

a

b

Dacl

izu mabMuromonab-CD3Page 47 of 100

Slide48

Alemt

uzumab

I

t

exerts its effects by

causing

profound depletion of T

ce

ll

s from the

peripheral

circu

l

ation.

Antithymocyte

globulins

Thymocytes

are

developed in

thymus and serve as

precursors.

The antibodies

bind

tp

the surface

of

circu

lating T lymphocy tes, which then undergoes complement mediated destruction, Ab. Depending cytotoxicity, apoptosis and opsoniza tion. The Ab. Bound cells are

phagocytosed

in

the

li

ver and sp

lee

n,

resulting in

I

ymphopenia

and

impaired

T

­

ce

ll

responses.

Page

48

of 100

Slide49

IL-2

receptor antag

o

n

istB

as

ili

x

i

mab

D

ac

li

z

u

mab

Mechanism of action

Both

compoun

d

s are ant

i

-

C

D

-

2 ant

ibodie

s and bind to the ex chain of the IL-2 receptor on activa ted T-cells.They thus

i

nterfere w

i

th the

proliferation of

these ce

ll

s

.

B

as

ili

x

i

mab

i

s

io

fold

more

potent

than

D

ac

li

zumab

as a

blocker of

IL

-

2 st

i

mu

l

ate

d

T

-

ce

ll

replica

tion

.

Blo

cka

de

of

th

i

s

receptor foils

the ab

ili

ty

of

any ant

i

gen

i

c st

i

mu

lu

s to

act

i

va

te the T-cell response system.Page 49 of 100

Slide50

Muro

monab-CD3

Mechanism of action

Binding

to

CD3 protein results in a disrupt ion of T

­

lymphocyte function

,

because access of antigen

to

the recognition

si

t

e

is blocked

.

Circulating T

-

cells are

depleted

,

th

ereby

decreasing

th

eir

participat

ion in the immune response. Because muromonab recognizes only one antigenic site, the immunosuppression is lessbroad than that seen with the polyclonal antibodies. T cells usuall

y

return

to

normal

wi

thin

48

hours of

discont

inuat

ion of

th

erapy

.

Page

50

of 100

Slide51

C

orti

c

o

steroid

s

M

eth

y

l

p

r

e

d

n

i

s

o

lone

Pr

e

d

n

i

s

o

l

onePrednisonePage 51 of 100

Slide52

Mechani

sm of actio n

The exact mechanism responsible for immunosuppressive action of corticosteroids is

unclear.

The T

-l

ymphocytes are effected mostly

.

The steroids are able

to

rapidly reduce lymphocyte populations

by

lysis

or redistribution

.

On

entering

the

cells

,

they bind to

glucocorticoid receptor

.

The complex passes into

the

nucleus and regulates

the translation

of

DNA.Among the genes affected are those involved in inflammatory responses.Page 52 of 100

Slide53

ANT

IDOTE

Page

53

of 100

Slide54

According to WHO

"Antidote was defined as a therapeutic substance used to counteract the toxic

ac

t

ion(

s)

of

a

s

p

e

c

ified

xenobiotic.”

Supportive therapy

correct Antidote

Pt

S

u

r

v

i

valantidotes reduce the overall burden of health service in managing of poisoning casesANTIDOTESPage 54 of 100

Slide55

CLASS

IF

I

CAT

ION

OF

A

N

T

I

D

O

TE

According to mode of Action:

Physical

C

h

em

i

c

al

P

hy

s

i

o

logical / PharmacologicalPage 55 of 100

Slide56

Acc

o

r

d

ing

to

S

i

te

of

Action:

Interacts with the poison to form a non toxic complex that can be excreted: e.g.

Cheaters

Accelerates

the detoxification of the poison: e.g. N­

acetylcystine, thiosulfate

Decrease the rate of conversion of posioninto toxic metabolite

: e.g. Ethanol

, Famepizole

Compete the poison for certain receptors.: e.g. Nalaxone

Block the receptor through which the toxic effect of the poison is mediated e.g. Atropine

Bypass the effect of Poison:02 in the treatment of CO and cyanide toxicity

Antibodies to the poison : digiband and

antivenins

Page 56 of 100

Slide57

P

hys

i

cal

Anti

do

t

e

Agent

use to

interfere

with

poison

through

physical properties

,

not change

their nature

Adsorb

i

ng

:

The main

example

is

activated

charcoal

Coat

ing: A mixture of egg & milk make a coat over the mucosa.Dissolving: 10°/o alcohol or glycine for carbolic acidPage 57 of 100

Slide58

C

he

m

i

cal An

t

i

do

t

e

Interact specifically with a toxicant, or neutralize the toxicant.

e.g. metal

chelators

combine with metals to form complexes that can then be eliminated by the kidneys

Mainly act by two mechanisms:

Complex Formation

:

Antidote make complex with the toxicant making it unavailable to cross the membrane or to interact with receptors

DMSA

(dimercaprol and dimercaptosuccinic

acid are sulfohydral compounds that bind metal

such as arsenic acid ,lead.

Page

58

of 100

Slide59

Sp. Binding agents like

EDTA, defroxamine and D- pencillamine

act by chelation of metal

forming more water soluble complex

Antivenins

and antibodies against dig toxin are immunological generated agents that bind specifically to the toxin or venom

Metabolic conversion:

Detoxification to less toxic product

Nitrite interact with hemoglobin and cyanide to

form

cya

n

omethamog

l

o

b

in

than cyanide and interfere wit access to cytochrome oxidasE

Page

59

of 100

Slide60

P

harmacol

o

g

ical

a

n

t

i

d

ot

e

counteract the effects of a poison by producing the opposite pharmacological

effects,e.g

., ACHE inhibitors7 atropine

Pharmacologic antidotes may neutralize

or

antagonize the

effects of a

toxicant.

This type of

antidote

may

act

by following

5

mechanism

.

Page 60 of 100

Slide61

By competing with

the Toxicant's action

at a receptor site

a)

Antagonism:

Competitive antagonism

:

Naloxone

/

Naltrexone

:

Upload dependence

,

longer action and affini

t

y for mu receptor.

Flumenazil

:

Antagonist for Benzodiazepine

Atropine

:

organophosphate, carbonate and other

parasympathomimetic

antidote.

It is also used to correct

bradycardia

caused by morphine, digitalis, beta blockers etc

Page

61 of 100

Slide62

Non competitive antagonism

Calcium gluconate

Used for calcium channel blocker specially verapamil

Black widow spider bite

Lead colic Oxalic acid Paralidoxime : che activator act by breaking alkyl phosphate che bond. It is used in organophosphate toxicity .

Diacetyl monoxyime DAM:

action same as PAM but with more BBB penetration.

Physostigmine:

Counteract the anticholinergic effect

Page

62

of 100

Slide63

Pharmacological

antidot

e

Pharmacologic antidoes may neutrafize or antagonize the effects toxicant.

This type A antidote may act by

following 5 mechanism.

Page

63

of 100

Slide64

S

ubun

i

t

Vac

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nsible for the pathogenesis of many bacteria·

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tox

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based

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ivation·Traditionally done by chemical means·Al

ter

i

ng

the

DNA

seque

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ces

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mpor

t

ant

to

toxic

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t

y

Page

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Slide65

ANTIVENOM TREATMENT

Antivenom is immunoglobulin purifixed from the serum or plasma of a horse or sheep that has been immunized with the venom of snake.

Moeovalent or monospeific antivenom neutralizes the venom of only one species of snake.

Polyvalent or polyspecific antivenom neutralizes the venorns of several different species of snakes.

The ASV that is available in India is a polyvalent type which is active against the commonly found snakes in India including the favorite four.

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Slide66

Mechanical antidote

Mechanical antidotes which prevent the absorption of poison into the body.

Adsorbing:

the main example is activated charcoal

Cooting: A mixture of egg & milk make a coat over the mucosa.Dissolving: 10% alcohol or glycine for carbolic acid

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Slide67

Chemical antidote

Chemical antidotes are the agents which change the chemical nature of poison.

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Slide68

Antidotes in most common

use in clinical toxicology

Paractamol: N- acetyl cysteine

Opiold: Naloxone.

Iron: DesferroxamineHeparin: protamin sulphate Cyanide thiosulphate sodium nitrate, sodium Theophylline, caffeine Esmolol Atropine Physostigmine Curare poisoning Neostigmine Arsenic Dimercaprol

Page

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Slide69

ANTIVENOM SAFFTY

Depends on Type of antivenom. Whole IgG/F ab2/

Fab

Each fragment has different pharmacokinetics efficacy report not supported by clinical data

Dose Route & speed of administration Hypersensitivity skin test has limited predictability value.Page

69

of 100

Slide70

Vaccination and Immunization

Immunization is the process of protecting people against harmful infection before they come into contact with them. It does this by using the body’s own natural defense system, the immune response.

When you are immunized you are given a vaccine usually as an injection which contains a small dose of.

Vaccination just means having the injection. When you are vaccinated, your body produces an immune response, just as you would if you were exposed to the infection but without having the symptoms and this builds up your resistance to that infection. If you come into contact with that infection in the future your immune system will respond fast enough to prevent you from developing the disease.

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Slide71

• Variolation: Inoculation of smallpox into skin (18th century). Mortality rate of 1% for variolation; 50% mortality rate from smallpox.

• Vaccine: a suspension of organisms or fractions of organisms that is used to induced immunity • Vaccination:

- Inoculation of cowpox virus into skin (Jenner) - Inoculation with rabies virus (Pasteur)

• Herd Immunity

History of Vaccines Page

71

of 100

Slide72

VACCINE AND SERA

Vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease.

A

vaccine

typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins.Page 72 of 100

Slide73

VACCINES

Types of vaccines

Active immunization

Live attenuated vaccines

Inactivated or killed vaccines Toxoids Cellular fractions Combinations

Passive immunization

Immunoglobulin's

Antisera

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Slide74

Vaccines

LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES

Bacterial —bcg, typhoid oral ,plague

Viral —polio yellow fever, measles -rubella ,mumps ,influenza

KILLED VACCINES Bacterial -Typhoid ,cholera ,Pertusis ,plague Viral —rabies, salk(polio), Influenza, hepatitis B,

Japanese encephalitis

Page

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Slide75

Vitamins & Minerals

Page 75 of 100

Slide76

Vitamin FactsVitamins are essential organic nutrients, required in small amounts.

They cannot be synthesized by the body. Must be obtained by outside sources like diet, rumen bacteria & sun.Required for growth, maintenance, reproduction and lactation.

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Slide77

Classes of Vitamins

Fat Soluble Vitamins: stored in tissues

Examples

A

DEKWater Soluble Vitamins: not stored in tissues, must have constant supply

Examples

B, B1, B2, B6 & B12

Niacin

Folic Acid

C

Page

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Slide78

Function, Deficiency Signs & Sources

Vitamin A

Function:

development healthy skin and nerve tissue. Aids in building up resistance to infection. Functions in eyesight and bone formation. ALL ANIMALS require a source of Vitamin A. It is important in the ration of pregnant females.

Deficiency signs: retarded growth in the young, the development of a peculiar condition around the eyes known as Xerophthalmia, night blindness and reproductive disorders.

Sources:

whole milk, carotene, animal body oils (cod fish and tuna), legume forages and can be synthetically produced.

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Slide79

Vitamin E

Function: normal reproduction.

Deficiency signs:

poor growth, "crazy chick" disease, Muscular Dystrophy, "white muscle" disease in ruminants and swine and "stiff lamb" disease (affects the nerves and muscles). Sources: synthetic for poultry and swine, cereal grains and wheat germ oil, green forages, protein concentrates, oil seeds (peanut and soybean oil).

Vitamin E rapidly destroyed in rancid or spoiled fats. That is why these may cause white muscle disease. Utilization of Vitamin E is dependent on adequate selenium.

Page

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Slide80

Vitamin D

Function: is essential for the proper utilization of calcium and phosphorus to produce normal, healthy bones.

Deficiency signs:

retarded growth, misshapen bones (rickets), lameness and osteoporosis.Sources: Whole milk, sun-cured hays, forage crops, fish liver oils, irradiated yeast. Page

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Slide81

Vitamin K

Function: necessary for the maintenance of normal blood coagulation.

Deficiency signs:

blood loses its power to clot or the time needed for clotting is longer and serious hemorrhages can result from slight wounds or bruises. Sources: green leafy forages, fish meal, liver, soybeans, rumen and intestinal synthesis, and the synthetic compounds.

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Slide82

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)

Function: has an effect on the metabolism of calcium in the body (Not required in rations of farm animals.).

Deficiency signs:

none demonstrated in livestock. Human deficiency: scurvy (swollen and painful joints and bleeding gums) and brittleness of bones.

Sources: citrus fruits, tomatoes, leafy vegetables and potatoes.

Page

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of 100

Slide83

Vitamin B

1 (Thiamin)

Function:

required for the normal metabolism of carbohydrates.

Deficiency signs: loss of appetite, muscular weakness, severe nervous disorders, general weakness and wasting (BeriBeri). Sources: raw, whole grains and especially their seed coats and embryos; fresh green forage; and yeast, milk and rumen synthesis.

Page

83

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Slide84

Vitamin B

2 (Riboflavin)

Function:

necessary for normal embryo development, important in the metabolism of amino acids and carbohydrates.

Deficiency signs: poor reproduction characterized by small litters and deformed young (cleft palate and club-footedness) curly toe paralysis in chicks, digestive disturbances, general weakness and eye abnormalities.Sources: milk and dairy by-products, yeast, green forages, well cured hay (especially alfalfa), whole grains, wheat bran and synthetic riboflavin rumen synthesis.

Page

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Slide85

Mineral FactsEssential inorganic nutrients, required in small amounts.

As many as 20 minerals may be required!Required for growth, maintenance, reproduction and lactation.

Page

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Slide86

Who is Cap. KS Naclmg?The Macrominerals

Calcium CaPhosphorous PPotassium KSulfur SSodium Na

Chlorine Cl

Magnesium Mg

Page 86 of 100

Slide87

Calcium (Ca)

Function: major component of bones and teeth and essential in blood coagulation, nerve and muscle function and milk and egg production.

Deficiency signs:

retarded growth, deformed bones in young animals (rickets), and soft shelled eggs and osteoporosis in older animals. Sources: milk, oyster shells and limestone.

Page

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Slide88

Sodium chloride

Considered together because of a close biochemical relationship and are provided as common salt (NaCl)

Function:

required for the formation and retention, concentration and pH of body fluids, such as protoplasm, blood. Important in the formation of digestive juices and functions in nerve and muscle activity.

Deficiency signs:

poor condition and depressed appetite. Most farm produced feeds are deficient in these two minerals.

Sources:

salt supplements and injectable products.

Page

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Slide89

Phosphorus (P)

Function: essential for the formation of bones, teeth, and body fluids. Required for metabolism, cell respiration and normal reproduction.

Deficiency signs:

similar to calcium deficiency, lack of appetite, poor reproduction and unthrifty appearance.

Sources: dicalcium phosphate, bone meal, and low fluorine phosphates.

Page

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Slide90

Potassium (K)

Function: retention and formation of body fluids, pH concentration of body fluid and rumen digestion.

Deficiency signs:

nonspecific and unlikely under most conditions but may have decreased feed consumption and efficiency.

Sources: roughages. Grains are less than roughages .Page

90

of 100

Slide91

Manganese (Mn)

Function: Fetal development, udder development, milk production and skeleton development.

Deficiency signs:

Abortions, reduced fertility, deformed young and poor growth.

Sources: Most use trace mineralized salt.

Page

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of 100

Slide92

I Cu FeSe Mn Mozn!

What’s that supposed to mean?

The Microminerals

Iodine (I)

Copper (Cu)

Iron (Fe)

Selenium (Se)

Manganese (Mn)

Molybedenum (Mo)

Zinc (Zn)

Page

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Slide93

Copper (Cu)

Function: should be present in animal tissues for iron to be properly utilized, hemoglobin formation and synthesis of keratin for fair and wool growth.

Deficiency signs:

poor pigmentation of feathers, stringy wool, sway back lambs, lack of muscle coordination and anemia. Sources: forages and copper salts.

Page

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Slide94

Iron (Fe):

Function: essential for the function of every organ and tissue of the body (Hemoglobin).

Deficiency signs:

seldom occurs in older animals, nutritional anemia, labored breathing and pale eyelids, ears and nose. Sources: forages and copper or trace mineral salts.

Page

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Slide95

Cobalt (Co)

Function: required as a nutrient for the microorganisms in ruminants and thereby aids in rumen synthesis of Vitamin B

12

. Because swine cannot manufacture B

12 from cobalt, the diets are supplemental with vitamin B12 instead. Deficiency signs: lack of appetite, loss of weight, rough hair coat, anemia, decreased milk and wool production and death in extreme cases.

Sources:

legume forages and salt containing cobalt.

Page

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Slide96

Magnesium (Mg) Function: similar to calcium and phosphorus.

Deficiency signs:

Animals are irritable, their heart beat is irregular and there is severe kidney damage.

Sources: mineral supplements and ordinary feeds.

Page

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of 100

Slide97

Poor posture?

Ca & P

Which nutrient deficiencies

does Cap. KS have?

Childless/ reproductive dysfunction?

B

2

& A

Bleeding gums & Scurvy?

C

Lameness?

D & E

Night blindness?

A

Blood won’t clot?

K

Page

97

of 100

Slide98

Vocabulary Review

Nutrients:

chemical substances in food that are

used

by the body to produce energy and

tissues

.

Vitamins:

essential organic nutrients, required in

small

amounts, that cannot be

synthesized by

the body. Required for

growth, maintenance

, reproduction and lactation.

Vitamin deficiency:

decline in health due to the lack of

a

vitamin in a ration.

Page

98

of 100

Slide99

Vocabulary Review

Fat soluble vitamin:

a vitamin that can be stored and

accumulated

in the liver and other fatty tissues.

Water soluble vitamin:

a

vitamin that cannot be

stored

in the tissues.

Must be provided

regularly

as deficiencies

can develop in a short time.

Minerals:

essential

inorganic compounds, required in

small

amounts. Required for

growth, maintenance,

reproduction and lactation.

Macro minerals:

required in large amounts.

Micro minerals

required in small amounts.Page 99 of 100

Slide100

Thank

you

Page

100

of 100