Disorder of blood BY Miss - PowerPoint Presentation

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Disorder of blood

BY

Miss

Pratiksha

Shrikhande

Disorder of RBC

The disorder of

rbc

occure

in the form of either anemia or

polycythemia

.

ANEMIA :

It is the disease involving deficiency in number of cell or deficiency of

haemoglobin

.

Because of any one deficiencies, there is a decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of blood.

Symptoms:

Breathlessness

Tiredness

Loss of appetite

Pallor of skin

Dizziness

Risk factors

A diet lacking in certain vitamins.

 Having a diet that is consistently low in iron, vitamin B-12 and

folate

increases your risk of anemia.

Intestinal disorders.

 Having an intestinal disorder that affects the absorption of nutrients in your small intestine — such as

Crohn's

disease puts you at risk of anemia.

Menstruation.

 In general, women who haven't experienced menopause have a greater risk of iron deficiency anemia than do men and postmenopausal women. That's because menstruation causes the loss of red blood cells.

Pregnancy.

 If you're pregnant and aren't taking a multivitamin with folic acid, you're at an increased risk of anemia.

Chronic conditions.

 If you have cancer, kidney failure or another chronic condition, you may be at risk of anemia of chronic disease. These conditions can lead to a shortage of red blood cells.

Slow, chronic blood loss from an ulcer or other source within your body can deplete your body's store of iron, leading to iron deficiency anemia.

Family history.

 If your family has a history of an inherited anemia, such as sickle cell anemia, you also may be at increased risk of the condition.

Other factors.

 A history of certain infections, blood diseases and autoimmune disorders, alcoholism, exposure to toxic chemicals, and the use of some medications can affect red blood cell production and lead to anemia.

Age.

 People over age 65 are at increased risk of anemia.

Complications

Severe fatigue.

 When anemia is severe enough, you may be so tired that you can't complete everyday tasks.

Pregnancy complications.

 Pregnant women with

folate

deficiency anemia may be more likely to experience complications, such as premature birth.

Heart problems.

 Anemia can lead to a rapid or irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia). When you're anemic your heart must pump more blood to compensate for the lack of oxygen in the blood. This can lead to an enlarged heart or heart failure.

Death.

 Some inherited

anemias

, such as sickle cell anemia, can be serious and lead to life-threatening complications. Losing a lot of blood quickly results in acute, severe anemia and can be fatal.

Prevention

Eat a vitamin-rich diet

Many types of anemia can't be prevented. But iron deficiency anemia and vitamin deficiency

anemias

can be avoided by having a diet that includes a variety of vitamins and nutrients, including:

Iron.

 Iron-rich foods include beef and other meats, beans, lentils, iron-fortified cereals, dark green leafy vegetables, and dried fruit.

Folate

.

 This nutrient, and its synthetic form folic acid, can be found in fruits and fruit juices, dark green leafy vegetables, green peas, kidney beans, peanuts, and enriched grain products, such as bread, cereal, pasta and rice.

Vitamin B-12.

 Foods rich in vitamin B-12 include meat, dairy products, and fortified cereal and soya products.

Vitamin C.

 Foods rich in vitamin C include citrus fruits and juices, peppers, broccoli, tomatoes, melons and strawberries. These items help increase iron absorption.

Prevent malaria

Anemia can be a complication of malaria. In areas where malaria is common, prevention involves reducing exposure to mosquitoes, for example, by using bed nets treated with insecticide.

Types

Iron deficiency anemia

Megaloblastic

anemia

Hemolytic anemia

Aplastic

anemia

Causes of iron deficiency anemia

Inadequate iron intake

Pregnancy or blood loss due to menstruation

Internal bleeding

Inability to absorb iron:

Certain disorders or surgeries that affect the intestines can also interfere with how your body absorbs iron

Iron deficiency anemia

In this type of anemia there is a deficiency of iron

Due to 1) low dietary intake

2) decreased absorption

Due to lack of iron , sufficient

haemoglobin

is not synthesized. So defects in this type of anemia is , inadequate

haemoglobin

synthesis.

symptoms

general fatigue

weakness

pale skin

shortness of breath

dizziness

tongue swelling

 or soreness

cold hands and feet

fast or 

irregular heartbeat

brittle nails

headaches

Megaloblastic anemia

This type of anemia occurs due to the deficiency of either

vit

B12 or folic acid.

vit

B12 or folic acid are necessary for the maturation of red blood cells.

In the deficiency if either of them, the maturation of red blood cells does not occur.

So large sized red blood cells called

megaloblast

are released in circulation.

Haemolytic anemia

It occurs due to increase destruction of

rbcs

.

This group of

anemias

developes

when red blood cells are destroyed faster than the bone marrow can replace them

It occurs due to the 1) hereditary disorder

2) mechanical injury to

rbc

3) infection like

maleria

Aplastic anemia

It occurs due to the suppression of bone marrow function. This is life threatening anemia occurs when your body doesn’t produce enough RBCs.

It can be caused by drugs, chemical, irradiation or malignant diseases, auto immune disease.

polycythemia

In this condition, here is an abnormal increase in the no. of

rbc

. This increases the viscosity of blood. This decreases the rate of flow & increase the risk of intravascular clotting.

Common causes of

polycythemia

include:

Bone marrow cancer

A response to reduced availability of oxygen as at high altitudes

Disorder of

wbc

Leucocytosis

: It is an increase in the total number of white blood cells beyond 10000 per cubic millimeter . It may of following type:

Neutrophilla

: Increase in the no. of

neutrophills

.

It occurs in many inflammatory condition.

Eosinophilia

: Increase in the no. of

eosinophills

It is an indication for allergic manifestations.

Leukemia

: It is cancerous condition

characherised

by an overproduction of

wbc

.

Leukemia can occur at any age but it is more common in childhood.

Leucopenia

It is decrease in the number of white blood cells. It is produced by infections & some drugs.

Depending on the type of WBC which is reduced, it may be called as

neutropenia

,

lymphopenia

,

eosinopenia

.

Disorder of platelets

They occurs in the form of thrombocytopenia. It is the condition where there is a decrease in

platelate

count

due to deficiency of clotting factors

. It results in :

Increase in bleeding time

Defects in the retraction of clot

Disorder of clotting

Haemophilia

: This disease is caused due to the absence of factor VIII (

Antihaemophilic

factor ). This disease occurs in men. But it is genetically transmitted through women.

Hereditary bleeding disorders due to deficiency of clotting factors

Thrombosis

: Intravascular

clotting of blood is called thrombosis. Thrombosis may

occus

due to

roughning

or thickening of blood vessels. (

artherosclerosis

)

Thrombosis can obstruct essential blood vessel ( like coronary or cerebral vessels ) this may lead to death.