All animals are made of cells A group of cells that work together for a common goal is a tissue A group of tissues that work together for a common goal is an organ A group of organs that work together for a common goal is an ID: 934924
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "Veterinary Anatomy & Physiology" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Slide1
Veterinary Anatomy & Physiology
Slide2All animals are made of
cells
A group of cells that work together for a common goal is a tissueA group of tissues that work together for a common goal is an organA group of organs that work together for a common goal is an organ systemAll the organ systems put together make up the organism
Introduction to A & P
Slide3The
cell
is the smallest unit of lifeAnimals are made up of trillions of cellsCytology
Slide4Epithelial tissue
lines or covers all surfaces
Histology
Slide5Connective tissue
connects and supports other structures
Histology
Slide6Muscular tissue
moves the organism around its environment as well as substances in the body
Histology
Slide7Nervous tissue
controls all body activities
Histology
Slide8The skeletal system is comprised of bones which function to:
Give support and rigidity
Protect vital organsProvide a storage area for mineralsProduce blood cellsSkeletal System
Slide9Skeletal System
Slide10The
axial skeleton
is the mainframe of the bodyThe skull, ribs, and vertebral column are the principal componentsSkeletal System
Slide11The
appendicular skeleton
makes up the legsThe front legs are referred to as the pectoral appendagesSkeletal System
Slide12The front leg bones include:
Scapula (clavicle when present)
HumerusRadius and ulnaCarpusMetacarpusPhalanges or digitsSkeletal System
Slide13The rear legs are attached by the pelvis so they are called the pelvic appendage
Skeletal System
Slide14The rear legs include:Pelvis
Femur
PatellaTibia and fibulaTarsusMetatarsusPhalanges or digits Skeletal System
Slide15Bones come together to form
joints
To protect the areas where the bones form a joint, the surface is covered by cartilageSkeletal System
Slide16Joints are classified by movement and material present
A
synarthrosis joint is immovable and contains fibrous materialSkeletal System
Slide17An
amphiarthrosis
joint is partially movable and contains cartilageA diarthrosis joint is freely movable and contains synovial fluid.Skeletal System
Slide18Diarthrosis
joints are further divided into groups according to the movement they provide
Ball and socketHingePivotGliding Skeletal System
Slide19All bones are made of
osteons
(also called Haversian systems)Bone tissue is not inert and is constantly remodeling itselfOsteoblasts build new boneOsteoclasts destroy old boneOsteocytes store minerals for new bone to be built
Skeletal System
Slide20Skeletal System
Slide21Bones can withstand a lot of stress but they have a limit
A break in a bone is called a
fractureSkeletal System
Slide22The muscular system is responsible for the movement of an animal in its environment as well as the movement of materials inside the body
The muscles make up approximately 30 to 40% of the body weight
All muscle tissue has the ability to contract which creates the movementMuscular System
Slide23Skeletal muscles
are attached to the skeleton to provide movement of the animal in its environment
These muscles are under voluntary controlMuscular System
Slide24Smooth muscle
is a part of many internal organs, except the heart
These muscles are under involuntary controlMuscular System
Slide25Cardiac muscle
makes up the heart and is under involuntary control
At 70 b/m, the heart will contract 100,800 times in 24 hours!Muscular System
Slide26Muscle cells are called
fibers
A fiber consists of numerous sarcomeres which is how the muscle shortens in lengthAll muscle fibers require oxygen in order to function properlyMuscular System
Slide27Muscular System
Slide28The nervous system controls all activities of the body
It constantly monitors the internal and external environments and reacts to stimuli
Nervous System
Slide29The
central nervous system
consists of nerves along the middle of the body (median plane)Brain and spinal cordNervous System
Slide30The
peripheral nervous system
are the nerves that extend outward from the CNSDivided into cranial nerves and spinal nervesNervous System
Slide31Somatic nerves
are under voluntary control
Primarily send messages to skeletal muscleAutonomic nerves are under involuntary controlPrimarily send messages to internal organsNervous System
Slide32A nerve cell is called a
neuron
Cell bodyDendritesAxonNervous System
Slide33The brain is divided into 3 main sections:
Cerebrum
is the largest part and has many functionsThe cerebellum controls balance and equilibriumThe brainstem controls vital life processesNervous System
Slide34Neurons do not physically touch each other
A gap called a
synapse is between neuronsNervous System
Slide35In order for a message to travel to the next neuron, chemicals are released that travel across the synapse to stimulate the neuron
These are called
neurotransmittersBecause neurotransmitters are stored in the terminal axon and released to attach receptors on the dendrite, a message can only travel one wayDendrite – cell body – axon – dendrite – cell body …Nervous System
Slide36Nervous System
Slide37In order to monitor the environment, the nervous system relies on special senses to gain information
Visual
AuditoryTactileGustatoryOlfactoryNervous System
Slide38Because the heart and lungs work intimately with each other, they are combined into one system
This system is responsible for obtaining oxygen, distributing oxygen to body cells, and removing cellular wastes
Cardiopulmonary System
Slide39The cardiovascular portion consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
The
heart is made up of cardiac muscle and contracts to pump blood around the bodyCardiopulmonary System
Slide40The heart is divided into a right side and a left side
Note: in anatomical pictures, the right side is on the left and the left side is on the right
Each side has 2 chambers, an atrium and a ventricle The 4 chambers of the heart are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricleCardiopulmonary System
Slide41Cardiopulmonary System
Slide42The
right atrium
receives blood returning from the bodyThe right ventricle sends blood to the lungsThe left atrium receives blood from the lungsThe left ventricle sends blood to the bodyThere are valves between each chamber to ensure the blood travels in one direction
Cardiopulmonary System
Slide43Cardiopulmonary System
Slide44Blood vessels direct blood to and away from body areas
Arteries
take blood away from the heartCapillaries allow for nutrient and waste exchange with body cellsVeins return blood to the heartCardiopulmonary System
Slide45Cardiopulmonary System
Slide46Blood
is a fluid connective tissue used to transport substance around the body
Plasma is the fluid portionCardiopulmonary System
Slide47Erythrocytes
(RBCs) carry oxygen to body cells and carbon dioxide away from cells
Cardiopulmonary System
Slide48Leukocytes
(
WBCs) protect the body against foreign invadersCardiopulmonary System
Slide49Thrombocytes
(platelets) help stop hemorrhage
Cardiopulmonary System
Slide50Cardiopulmonary System
Slide51The pulmonary portion consists of the lungs and air passageways
The
nostrils are the openings where air enters the systemThe nasal cavity warms and moistens the airThe larynx is the voicebox – makes various noises are air flows through itThe
trachea
is a rigid tube that directs the air further down the tract
Cardiopulmonary System
Slide52The trachea divides into 2
bronchi
which delivers air to the right lung and left lungEach bronchus divides into bronchioles that continue to divide into smaller and smaller passagewaysThe alveoli are grape-like clusters where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchangedCardiopulmonary System
Slide53Cardiopulmonary System
Slide54Cardiopulmonary System
Slide55Cardiopulmonary System
Slide56The heart must contract in a rhythmic manner in order for blood to travel in the right direction
The conduction system is responsible for this coordination
A pacemaker (located in the right atrium) sets the number of times the heart will contract and sends messages to other specialized cellsCardiopulmonary System
Slide57Cardiopulmonary System
Slide58Cardiopulmonary System
The electrical activity of the conduction system is responsible for the
ECG recordingThe electrical activity is caused by the movement of ions (such as sodium and potassium) along the conduction system
Slide59Air enters and exits the lungs in a very simple manner and primarily has to do with pressure differences and the diaphragm
To inhale, the pressure inside the lungs is lower than outside and as the diaphragm contracts, it draws air from high pressure to low pressure
Cardiopulmonary System
Slide60At peak inhalation, the pressure inside the lungs is greater than outside and as the diaphragm relaxes, air moves outward (exhale)
How oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanges is due to concentration differences
Cardiopulmonary System
Slide61The way oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanges is due to concentration differences
Oxygen is in high concentration in inhaled air and low concentration in the alveolar capillaries therefore oxygen moves from alveoli into the capillaries
Carbon dioxide is high in the capillaries and low in the alveoli therefore CO2 moves from the capillaries into the alveoliCardiopulmonary System
Slide62The opposite occurs in the exchange of these gases with the body cells
Oxygen in high in the capillaries and low in the cells therefore oxygen moves into the cells
Carbon dioxide is high in the cells and low in the capillaries therefore CO2 moves into the capillariesCardiopulmonary System
Slide63Cardiopulmonary System
Slide64The digestive system is responsible for obtaining nutrients for the body
All domestic animals are
heterotrophsCarnivores are meat eatersCatsHerbivores are plant eatersHorses, cattle, sheep, goatsOmnivores eat plants and meatDogs, pigs
Digestive System
Slide65The digestive system of domestic animals are either
monogastric
(nonruminant) or ruminantThis system is basically the same in animals; some organs may vary in length or sizeDigestive System
Slide66The oral cavity has several structures that are responsible for obtaining food and starting the digestive process
Lips
TongueTeethSalivary glands release saliva (fluid with enzymes) to begin breaking down the food particlesDigestive System
Slide67Digestive System
Slide68The
pharynx
is the common passageway between the digestive system and respiratory systemEpiglottis covers the trachea when food is swallowedDigestive System
Slide69The
esophagus
is a tube of smooth muscle that directs food from the pharynx to the stomachThe stomach is a pouch of smooth muscle that temporarily holds the food to allow acids and enzymes to continue digesting the foodSphincter muscles are necessary to hold the acidic material in the stomach so it does not cause ulcerationsCardiac sphincter and pyloric sphincterDigestive System
Slide70Digestive System
Slide71The inner lining of the stomach has many types of cells that secrete a product
Parietal cells
secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl)Chief cells secrete pepsinogenPepsinogen is inactive but in the presence of HCl, it becomes an active protein enzymeGoblet cells secrete mucus to protect the stomach from ulceration
Digestive System
Slide72The
small intestine
is responsible for most of the nutrient digestion and absorptionDuodenumJejunumIleumDigestive System
Slide73The large intestine is composed of several structures that digest particular substances or modify the
ingesta
prior to expulsionThe cecum is utilized by herbivores and omnivores to digest fibrous (plant) materialThe colon fine tunes the ingest by adjusting the water contentThe rectum is a temporary holding areaThe
anus
is the external opening for feces
Digestive System
Slide74Digestive System
Slide75Included in the digestive system are several accessory organs
The liver produces bile that assists in the digestion of fats
The gallbladder, if present, stores bile Digestive System
Slide76The pancreas secretes 4 substances important for digestion
Bicarbonate
to neutralize the acidic ingestaProtein and starch enzymesInsulin to facilitate the uptake of glucose into body cellsGlucagon to cause the breakdown of glucose stores
Digestive System
Slide77Ruminant animals have a specialized stomach that assists them in utilizing plants as a major food product
The
rumen is a fermentation vatThe reticulum aids in the rumination processThe omasum sorts large particlesThe abomasum
secretes acids and enzymes
Digestive System
Slide78Digestive System
Slide79Nutrients
are what the body needs in order to function properly
CarbohydratesLipidsProteinsVitamins Minerals Water
Digestive System
Slide80The renal system is responsible for maintaining proper water and electrolyte levels in the body
Mammals have 2
kidneys made up of nephrons which filter the bloodA ureter leaves each kidney to direct urine to the urinary bladderThe urethra directs urine from the bladder to the outside
Renal/Urinary System
Slide81Renal/Urinary System
Slide82The reproductive system is responsible for propagation of the species
Mammals have males and females
Male gametes (sex cells) are spermFemale gametes are ova (singular = ovum)The importance of these cells is that each carries only half of the genetic material for the species therefore when they combine, a full set of genes is accomplishedReproductive System
Slide83The
testes
produce sperm cells and testosterone (male hormone)Seminiferous tubules produce immature sperm cells and they mature as they travel throughout the epididymisMale Reproductive System
Slide84The
ductus
deferens is the continuation of the epididymis that leaves the scrotumAs sperm cells travel throughout these tubes, various glands secrete products necessary for the sperm cell’s survivalSeminal vesiclesProstate glandBulbourethral glandThe mixture of sperm cells and these fluids is called
semen
Male Reproductive System
Slide85Male Reproductive System
Slide86The testes are housed outside of the body because sperm cells require a slightly lower temperature to survive
The
cremaster muscle raises and lowers the testes to adjust the temperatureMale Reproductive System
Slide87The
spermatic cord
consists of blood vessels, ductus deferens, and cremaster muscle; the veterinarian ties off the spermatic cord when castrating a male animalMale Reproductive System
Slide88The
penis
transfers semen to the female tractLarge animals have a sigmoid flexure that assists in transferring semen to the femaleMale Reproductive System
Slide89The
ovaries
produce ova and estrogen (female hormone)Domestic animals are classified according to how many babies they give birth to at 1 timeMonotocous animals give birth to one offspringPolytocous animals give birth to a many offspring (called a litter)
Female
Reproductive System
Slide90When the ovary releases an ovum, the
oviduct
catches it and directs it into the uterusThe oviduct is where fertilization occursThe uterus is a smooth muscular organ that housed the developing offspring and expels them at the end of pregnancyThe cervix closes off the reproductive tract to protect the environment of the uterus
Female
Reproductive System
Slide91The
vagina
is the area that accepts sperm from the maleThe vulva in the external opening of the tractFemale Reproductive System
Slide92When a fertilized ovum implants into the uterus, a
placenta
forms that will serve to nourish the offspringThe umbilical cord allows for substances to be transferred between mother and offspringA veterinarian spays an animal by removing the ovaries, oviducts, and uterusCalled an ovariohysterectomy
Female
Reproductive System
Slide93The surgical removal of offspring from the mother is called a
caesarean section
After birth, ingestion of colostrum is very important to the newborns because it contains antibodies that will help it fight off diseasesFemale Reproductive System
Slide94The endocrine system is a communication system that uses chemicals called
hormones
Endocrine System
Slide95The
pituitary gland
is called the “master gland” and is located at the base of the brainGrowth hormone controls the growth of the animal’s body cellsAdrenocorticotrophic hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to release its hormonesThyroid-stimulating hormone stimulates the thyroid to release its hormones
Endocrine System
Slide96Follicle-stimulating hormone
stimulates the ovary to develop a follicle and spermatogenesis in the testes
Luteinizing hormone stimulates the development of a corpus luteum in the ovary and the secretion of testosterone in the testesProlactin stimulates the production of milk in the mammary glandsEndocrine System
Slide97Endocrine System
Slide98The
thyroid gland
is located in the neckIt secretes T3 and T4 which controls the body’s metabolismCalcitonin acts to decrease blood calcium levels by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts in the bones
Endocrine System
Slide99The
parathyroid glands
are located in the corners of the thyroid glandParathyroid hormone (parathormone) acts to increase blood calcium levels by enhancing the activity of osteoclasts in the bones and absorption of calcium by the kidneyAntagonistic to calcitoninEndocrine System
Slide100Endocrine System
Slide101The
adrenal glands
are located near the kidneysThe adrenal cortex secretes cortisol and cortisone that increases the metabolism of glucose, usually during stressAldosterone increases the absorption of sodium by the kidneysEndocrine System
Slide102The adrenal medulla secretes
epinephrine and norepinephrine
which are responsible for the “fight or flight” syndromePrepares the animal to fight a threat or run away from itIncreases the heart rate, respirations, blood flowEndocrine System
Slide103Endocrine System
Slide104The
pancreas
is located in the fold of the duodenumInsulin promotes the uptake of glucose by body cellsGlucagon raises the blood glucose levels by breaking down stores (called glycogen)Endocrine System
Slide105Endocrine System
Slide106Gastrin
is produced by stomach cells to stimulate the release of
HCl by parietal cellsSecretin is produced by cells in the duodenum to cause the release of pancreatic enzymesCholecystokinin is produced by intestinal cells to cause the contraction of the gallbladderEndocrine System
Slide107Cells in the testes produce
testosterone
Cells in the ovaries product estrogenEndocrine System