Chapter 4JUdging Mona SUE Weissmark PhD 4 CHAPTER 4 JudginG 4 The Genesis of Judging Limitations of the Cognitive Approach Beyond the Cognitive Approach The Limitations of Laboratory Studies ID: 931208
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Slide1
The science of diversity
Chapter 4:JUdging
Mona SUE Weissmark, Ph.D.
4
Slide2Slide3CHAPTER 4:
JudginG
4The Genesis of JudgingLimitations of the Cognitive ApproachBeyond the Cognitive ApproachThe Limitations of Laboratory StudiesAction Research and Real World InterventionsEmotionsThe Evolution of Emotions
Slide4Key concepts
4
Review: Behaviorism
Review: Cognitive psychology
Post-cognitive psychology
Embodied Cognition
Enaction
Ecological Validity
Action Research
Biology of Cognition
Affective Revolution
Negativity Bias
Slide5The genesis of judging
4
Judging: To be aware of differences and evaluate those differences
The story of Adam and Eve
How judging arises in the mind depends on how we define the mind
Cognitive Psychology
: The human mind is the brain, a machine-like processor of information
Post-cognitive Psychology
: The human mind is a mutual interaction between brain, body, and world
Slide6The limitations of the cognitive approach
4
Judging and cognitive psychology
“Mind” is computational: input information to receive outputs
Studies focused on objective processes
Memory, attention, problem solving, categorical representations
Studies could not address subjective processes
Judging, evaluating, feeling, making meaning
Critiques formed the basis of post-cognitive psychology
Austin, Bruner, Bateson, Dreyfus, Flores,
Gadamer
, Geertz,
Gergen
,
Lakoff
,
Maturana
, Searle, Taylor,
Winograd
However, the cognitive approach was good for experimentation
Slide7The limitations of the cognitive approach
4
Sample Research Questions using the Cognitive Approach
“What is the average cognitive limitation in memory span?”
“Do stereotypes function as resource-preserving devices in mental life?”
“What is the level of categorization and content of gender and racial stereotypes in the brain?”
Questions Beyond the Scope of the Cognitive Approach
“How do Adam and Eve evaluate their nakedness before and after eating the apple?”
“How are evaluations of affirmative action policies organized in the minds of working-class white and black people?”
“How are evaluations of injustice transmitted from one generation to the next generation?”
Slide8The limitations of the cognitive approach
4
Post-cognitive critic
John Searle
“Is the Brain’s Mind a Computer Program?”
“No. A program merely manipulates symbols, whereas a brain attaches meaning to them.”
(Searle, 1989, p. 26)
Post-cognitive critic
Hubert Dreyfus
Cognitive approach: Brain has internal symbols governed by internal rules
Can the mind be studied like laws of physics?
No context-free psychology
What people “know” consists of subjective judgments and tendencies
Slide9Beyond the cognitive approach
4
Post-cognitive psychology
Embodied cognition
: The mind must be understood in the context of its relationship to a physical body that interacts with the world
Enaction
: Cognitive beings bring forth a world by means of experiences and interactions in the world
Cognition as dynamic, sensorimotor activity
People generate meaning by judging, evaluating, and engaging
Slide10Beyond the cognitive approach
4
Important gains in cognitive psychology
Categorizing
Prejudice and stereotyping as adaptive processes that simplify a complex world
Implicit prejudice
Implicit Associations Test (I.A.T.)
Cognitive approach doesn’t explain how a person judges information or creates meaning out of encounters with the world
Slide11The limitations of laboratory studies
4
Ecological validity
: Experiments in artificial settings
lack realism and have low value in the real world
Conclusions may lack relevance outside of the lab
Self-selected volunteers
Slide12Action research and real world interventions
4
Kurt
Lewin
: Father of action research
“Action Research and Minority Problems”
Social change = research + training + action
Studying intergroup relations must take into account all people involved
Judgments come from personal histories, traumatic memories,
and attachments
Slide13emotions
4
Humberto
Maturana
Biology of cognition
: People are biologically equipped with a set of predispositions to judge other people and other groups of people in the social world in a particular way
Cognitive revolution leads to Affective revolution
Emotions had been understood as separate from cognition
Slide14emotions
4
emotions
Greek philosophy: Socrates; the Stoics
Emotions were a threat to reason
Middle Ages
Emotions linked to “
humours
:” gall, spleen, choler, blood
Christianity connected emotions to the seven deadly sins
Enlightenment: René Descartes
Mind-body dualism privileged reason over emotion
Contemporary American philosophy: Robert
Soloman
Inferior role of emotion
Reason-emotion distinction
Slide15emotions
4
Affective Revolution
: Emotions play a key role in living an intelligent life
The case of Elliot (
Damasio
, 1994)
Brain tumor that prevented emotion
Lack of emotional guidance made decision-making unpredictable and dangerous
Rationality requires emotional input
Affect (emotion) allows people to judge and give value to information and experiences
Slide16The evolution of emotions
4
Affective system as danger signal system
Early human nervous systems evolved innate patterns of emotional activity
Feeding, fight-flight, attachment, care of kin, belonging to group
Negativity bias
Learning in an unpredictable environment privileged stronger negative response over positive one
Influences evaluations more strongly than equally extreme positive experience
Darwin’s theory of social emotion: Morality evolved from need to go along with group
Emotions are a personal, value-laden mode
of judgment
Slide17Discussion questions
4
What are the key differences between the cognitive psychology and post-cognitive psychology?
How do they both see the role of judgment in human life?
How would a researcher using a cognitive approach understand the case of Elliot?
How would a researcher using a post-cognitive approach understand the case of Elliot?
Slide18Discussion questions
4
What are some benefits and draw-backs to the cognitive approach?
What are some benefits and draw-backs to the post-cognitive approach?
Detail three ways in which people over time have understood emotions.
Slide19THE END
THANK YOU !