NATURE Academy Pamela Puppo amp Jill Hamilton How do plants adapt to their environment What is adaptation How do plants adapt to their environment What is adaptation How do plants adapt to their environment ID: 933481
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Slide1
Adaptation and Climate Change
NATURE Academy
Pamela Puppo & Jill Hamilton
Slide2How do plants adapt to their environment?
What is adaptation?
Slide3How do plants adapt to their environment?
What is adaptation?How do plants adapt to their environment?
Slide4Plants adapt to their environment
Slide5Plants adapt to their environment
Slide6Activity I: Phenotype to Environment
You are each assigned a plant – tell us a little bit about that plant:Find a picture!Does this plant have a ‘common name’?Is this plant used by Native American communities? How?Is it a herb, bush, tree? How does it reproduce?What is its distribution and habitat preferences?
Make a hypothesisIn a rapidly changing environment what type of stresses might this plant experience?Make 3 slides in power point with your results and present them to the class
Slide7Adaptation
There are several mechanisms involved in the process of adaptation: natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift…
All of these are mechanisms of evolutionary change
Slide8Natural Selection
Slide9time
Natural Selection
Slide10Human-driven selection (Domestication)
amazon.com
Slide11Human-driven selection (Domestication)
amazon.com
Slide12Movement of alleles in and out of a population
Gene-flow
Slide13Movement of alleles in and out of a population
Gene-flow
Slide14Movement of alleles in and out of a population
Gene-flow
Slide15Movement of alleles in and out of a population
Gene-flow
Slide16Change in the gene pool by chance
Genetic drift
Slide17Change in the gene pool by chance
Genetic drift
Slide18Change in the gene pool by chance
Genetic drift
Slide19Change in the gene pool by chance
Genetic drift
Slide20Adaptation
In order for evolution to happen we need:
change
over
time that is passed on to the next generationsMost organisms are different genetically from others How is this genetic variation generated?
Slide21Image credit: Genome Research Limited
Genetic variation - mutations
courses.lumenlearning.com
Slide22Image credit: Genome Research Limited
Genetic variation - mutations
GG
genotypes
A
G
genotypes
AA
genotypes
Gene variant 1……..ACCTGA
A
TACAGGATA…………
Gene variant 2……..ACCTGA
G
TACAGGATA…………
Slide23Sometimes, the variation in the appearance of a plant might not have a genetic basis
Genes vs Phenotype
Slide24Sometimes, the variation in the appearance of a plant might not have a genetic basisPlasticity: if it arises because of the environment
Genes vs Phenotype
Slide25Sometimes, the variation in the appearance of a plant might not have a genetic basisPlasticity: if it arises because of the environment
Genes vs Phenotype
Slide26Activity II: Allele frequency game
PhenotypeGenotype RR Rb bb
Lets assume that each individual has only 2 alleles
Allele R is dominant relative to allele b
Allele R is responsible for the red coloration of the individuals
Red individuals can be homozygous or heterozygous (blue individuals can only be homozygous)
Slide27Initial population
Dominant / Recessive
After Genetic drift Dominant / Recessive
After Natural Selection Dominant / Recessive
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
Group 5
Group 6
Group 7
Group 8
Group 9
Group 10
Activity II:
Allele frequency game
Slide28Image credit: Genome Research Limited
Genetic variation - mutations
GG
genotypes
A
G
genotypes
AA
genotypes
Gene variant 1……..ACCTGA
A
TACAGGATA…………
Gene variant 2……..ACCTGA
G
TACAGGATA…………
Slide29Activity III: DNA extraction
In this activity, you will be able to extract DNA out of a plant using household ingredients and will be able to see it with your naked eye!
Slide30Activity III: DNA extraction
Procedure:Peel the onion half and put it in a container. With the help of an immersion blender, smash the onion as best as you can.In a plastic cup mix: 2 tbsp. detergent, 1 tsp. salt and ½ cup of water. This will be your DNA extraction liquid.Add your DNA extraction liquid to the smashed onion and mix gently with a spoon. Avoid making bubbles. This will help breaking the cells to release the DNA. Using a coffee filter, pour the mixture into a clean plastic cup. Gently squeeze the filter.Slowly, pour ¼ of a cup of cold alcohol down the side of the cup. Do not mix! Let sit for a couple of minutes. The alcohol will help separate the DNA from the rest of the onion mixture.
You will see something white forming in between the alcohol and the onion mixture. That’s the onion’s DNA! With the use of a paperclip, gently pick up the strands of DNA.
Slide31Activity III: DNA extraction
DNA fun facts:About 99% of DNA in humans is the sameIf you put all the DNA in your body together and stretch it, the longitude will be equal to going to the sun and back for 600 times We share 40-50% DNA with a cabbage
Slide32Landscape: Past, Present, Future
Earle, S. 2015. Physical Geology. Available at: https://opentextbc.ca/geology/
Slide33Anthropogenic Climate Change
http://www.who.int/globalchange/climate/summary/en/
Slide34Activity I: Phenotype to Environment
You are each assigned a plant – tell us a little bit about that plant:Find a picture!Does this plant have a ‘common name’?Is this plant used by Native American communities? How?Is it a herb, bush, tree? How does it reproduce?What is its distribution and habitat preferences?
Make a hypothesisIn a rapidly changing environment what type of stresses might this plant experience?Make 3 slides in power point with your results and present them to the class
Slide35Take home message
Plants have evolved traits to adapt to their different environments. The variation we see in traits reflects genetic differencesAllele frequencies and phenotypic traits can change in response to the environment (natural selection) across generations
Genetics
Environment
Phenotypes
X
Slide36Take home message
Depending on the amount of genetic variation, some plants may adapt to environmental change and survive and others may disappearClimate has been changing a long time ago but human activities are making it change faster than ever and some plants might not be able to cope with this
Genetics
Environment
Phenotypes
X
Slide37