Three Domains Six Kingdoms Characteristics of Animals All multicellular metazoans Eukaryotes cells with nucleus amp organelles Ingestive heterotrophs take in food and internally digest it ID: 776229
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Slide1
Introduction to Animals
Slide2Taxonomy Breakdown
Three Domains:
Six Kingdoms
Slide3Characteristics of Animals
All
multicellular
(metazoans)
Eukaryotes
(cells with nucleus & organelles)
Ingestive
heterotrophs
(take in food and internally digest it)
Store food reserves as
glycogen
Slide4Support Systems
Have some type of
skeletal support
Endoskeleton inside
and made of
cartilage &/or bone
Exoskeletons
found in
arthropods
Cover the
outside
of the body
Limit size
Must be
molted
making animal vulnerable to predators
Slide5Cicada Molting Exoskeleton
Slide6Endoskeletons Grow with the Animal
Slide7Support Systems
Worms and echinoderms (starfish) have fluid-filled internal cavities giving them supportCalled hydrostatic skeletons
Slide8Movement
Animals such as sponges may be
sessile
(attached & non-moving)
Animals that move very little are said to be
sedentary
(clam)
Animals that can move are
motile
Have
muscular tissue
to provide energy for movement
Slide9SESSILE
SEDENTARY
MOTILE
Sponge
Chiton
Cheetah
Clams
Slide10Levels of Organization
Sponges
are the ONLY animals that have just the
cellular level
All
other animals
show these levels –
cell, tissue, organ, and system
Cells may
specialize (take on different shapes and functions)
Cells are held together by
cell junctions
to
form tissues
Slide11Invertebrate groups
Slide12Characteristics of Invertebrates
Simplest
animals
Contain the
greatest number
of different
species
Most are
aquatic
(found in water)
Do
NOT
have a backbone
Includes
sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, annelids, mollusks, arthropods, and echinoderms
Slide13Mollusca Facts
There are three distinct body zones: a head-foot, (sensory and motor organs); a visceral mass, (digestion, excretion, and reproduction); and a mantle, (secretes the shell).
The
mantle cavity
,
a space between the mantle and the visceral mass, houses the
gills
; the
digestive
,
excretory
, and
reproductive systems
discharge into it.
Slide14Mollusca (With and Without Shells)
snail
scallop
nautilus
nudibranch
octopus
Slide15Arthropod Facts
Arthropods have segmented bodies.Arthropods have an exoskeletonDuring their life cycle, arthropods undergo a transformation called metamorphosis.
Arthropods are a highly successful group of animals—they account for over
three quarters
of all currently known
living and fossil organisms.
Slide16Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crustaceans, horseshoe crab)
Dung beetle
Horseshoe crab
crayfish
spider
Slide17Echinoderm Facts
6,000 speciesEchinoderms are characterized by their radial symmetry, water vascular system and internal skeleton.
Sea stars are sometimes called star fish, but this is an incorrect name since
they are not fish
.
Slide18Echinoderms
Sea cucumber
Sand dollar
starfish
Brittle star
Sea fan (crinoid)
Slide19Vertebrate Groups
Slide20Vertebrates
More
complex
animals
Most have a
backbone
made up of
individual bones called vertebrae
From
simplest to most complex
, the phylum includes:
fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
Slide21Vertebrates
Vertebrates have
endoskeletons
(internal)
Some vertebrates have
skeletons of cartilage (sharks, rays, and skates)
Other vertebrates have
skeletons of bone and cartilage (reptiles, birds, & mammals)
Slide22Bone & Cartilage in Fetus
40 day old cat fetus
Slide23Amphibian Facts
Three groups of amphibians are: Newts and Salamanders, Frogs and Toads, and Caecilians. 5,000 to 6,000 known species.Amphibians have delicate, permeable skin (moist skin).
The skin of amphibians
lacks
the protection that
scales
(reptiles) and
hair
(mammals) provides these other groups of animals.
They are
ectothermic
(controls body temperature through external means).
Slide24Amphibia
toad
newt
frog
salamander
Caecilian
Slide25Reptile Facts
8,000 known species alive today.Largest reptiles are leatherback turtle, komodo dragon and saltwater crocodile.
In many reptiles the
sex
of the young is determined by the
temperature
the embryos are exposed to
during incubation
.
Reptiles are
cold-blooded(
Ectothermic
).
Reptiles have
scales.
Slide26Reptilia
Turtle
Snake
Alligator
Lizard
Slide27Birds – Aves facts
Feathers
.
High metabolism.
A
four-chambered heart
.
A
beak with no teeth
.
A
lightweight
but strong
skeleton
.
Production of
hard-shelled eggs
.
Slide28Birds - Aves
hummingbird
ostrich
lovebirds
Slide29Mammal Facts
Mammals are divided into 21 groups.Mammals are tetrapods. (4 legs/limbs)Mammals are warm-bloodedAll mammals have hair
The
largest
mammal is the
blue whale
The
smallest
mammal is the
bumblebee bat
.
Slide30Mammalia
Slide31Body Areas
Slide32Surfaces
Dorsal
– back or upper surface
Ventral
– belly or lower surface
Anterior
– head or front end
Posterior
– tail or hind end opposite the head
Oral surface
(echinoderms) – is where the mouth is located (underside)
Aboral
surface (echinoderms) – is opposite the mouth (top side)
Slide33Surfaces (Echinoderms)
ORAL
ABORAL
mouth
Slide34DORSAL
VENTRAL
Surfaces (Most Animals)
ANTERIOR
POSTERIOR
Slide35Symmetry
Slide36Body Symmetry
Slide37Body Symmetry
Symmetry is the arrangement of body parts around a central plane or axisAsymmetry occurs when the body can’t be divided into similar sections (sponges)
Slide38Body Symmetry
Radial symmetry
occurs when body parts are arranged around a central point
like spokes on a wheel (echinoderms)
Most animals with radial symmetry are
sessile (attached)
or
sedentary (move very little)
Slide39Slide40Body Symmetry
Bilateral symmetry
occurs when animals can be divided into
equal halves
along a single plane
Organisms will have
right and left sides
that are mirror images of each other
More complex
type of symmetry
Slide41Body Symmetry
Animals with
bilateral symmetry
are
usually motile
Animals have an
anterior and posterior ends
Show
cephalization
(concentration of sensory organs on the head or anterior end)
Slide42Slide43Segmentation
Slide44Segmentation
Only present in more
complex animals.
May occur
internally
,
externally
, or
both.
Repetition of body parts (
vertebrae, ribs
).
Segments may be fused such as
cephalothorax
convering
head and chest of
crayfish
.
Earthworms
(internal and external);
vertebrates
(internal).
Slide45Segmentation
cephalothorax
Slide46Metamorphosis
Usually found in arthropodsMay be complete or incompleteIncomplete Metamorphosis: egg nymph adultComplete Metamorphosis: egg larva pupa adult
Slide47Complete Metamorphosis
Slide48Incomplete Metamorphosis
Slide49Incomplete or complete metamorphosis?
Slide50Digestive Systems
All animals are
ingestive
heterotrophs
Choanocytes
-
capture & digest food for sponges
Gastrovascular
cavity
with
one opening
in
cnidarians and flatworms
for food to enter & leave; called
two-way digestive system
Slide51Bacteria,Protists, &Fungi
Slide52BacteriaA. Characteristics
They are tiny and
unicellular
They are
prokaryotic
which means that their DNA is not housed in a
nucleus
.
They are very
numerous
– For example, there are
2.5 billion
bacteria in a gram of garden soil
They can live just about
anywhere
.
Slide535. Bacteria come in many different shapes and colors!
Cocci (circular)
Rod
Spiral
Slide54B. Bacteria’s Structure
Cell wall
– Tough, for protection
Cell membrane
– Controls what comes in and out
DNA
– Floats freely, not contained in a nucleus
Some cannot
move
. Others can
move
with
flagella
(which is a long, whip-like tail).
Slide55C. 5 types of bacteria (depending on how they get energy)
1. Heterotrophs – Eat other organisms to get energy 2. Parasites – Feed on living organisms (but don’t kill them) 3. Decomposers – Feed on dead organisms. 4. Chemoautotrophs – Make energy from chemicals like sulfur and iron 5. Autotrophs – Do photosynthesis (make energy from sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide).
Flesh eating bacteria
Slide56D. Bacteria and its effects on others 1. Bacteria in Nature
a. Food and energy relationships – Bacteria break down dead organisms and release nutrients to be used by other organisms. b. Oxygen production – Billions of years ago, bacteria released oxygen as they did photosynthesis and this changed the early atmosphere from poisonous to possible for organisms like protists, fungi, plants, and animals to evolve. c. Symbioses – Some bacteria form partnerships (symbiosis) where they live on, near, or even inside another organism. For example, E.coli bacteria live in our intestines and help us digest our food properly.
Some bacteria are bioluminescent!
Slide57D. Bacteria and its effect on others (continued) 2. Bacteria and Humans
a. Almost all bacteria are harmless or HELPFUL (1) Bacteria are present and used in food, fuel, medicines, industrial processes (2) Bacteria help break down pollutants (3) Bacteria help keep us healthy (help us digest our food, for example) b. A few bacteria cause problems for humans (1) They spoil food (2) They can poison water supplies (3) They can damage property (4) They cause diseases like strep throat, pneumonia, diptheria, cholera, teanus, tuberculosis, bubonic plague, Lyme disease, tooth decay, gum disease. Many of these can be treated (or prevented) with proper hygiene or immunizations or antibiotics.
Slide58F. What about Viruses?
Viruses are disease-causing germs. They are NOT considered living because: a. They are not made of cells. b. They cannot eat food or produce waste. Viruses can invade living thing’s cells and make them sick. Viruses ARE able to reproduce. Some diseases caused by viruses: AIDS, measels, influenza, hepatitis, small pox, polio, encephalitis, mumps, and herpes.
Slide59Viruses
Host cell
– cell in which a virus reproduces
bacteriophage
– virus that infects bacteria
Slide60Characteristics of Viruses
inner core of nucleic acid
(DNA or RNA)
surrounded by 1 or 2 protein coats (called a
capsid
)
Variety of shapes determined by the proteins in their
coats
CANNOT be killed by antibiotics
Slide61PROTISTS (Kingdom Protista)A. Characteristics
Tiny and
unicellular
Larger than
monerans
, but cannot be seen without a
microscope.
They are
eukaryotic
which means that their DNA is housed in a
nucleus.
Most live in the
water.
Most live as
individual cells
but some live as
colonies
where many protists live tightly packed together
6. Protists are a VERY diverse group in the way they carry out their life functions.
Slide62B. 3 types (Depending on how they get their energy)
Animal-like protists
Plant-like protists
Fungus-like protists
Slide631. Animal-like Protists
They are heterotrophs which means that they must consume other organisms for energy. They can move with flagella (whip-like tails, cilia (little hairs that act like tiny oars), or pseudopods (“footlike” extensions) Some examples (1) Paramecium – Have cilia (2) Amoeba – Have pseudopods
Amoeba
Paramecium
Slide642. Plant-like Protists
a. They are autotrophs which means that they have chloroplasts which use sunlight to make their own food in the process of photosynthesis. b. They make 70% of the world’s oxygen! c. To move, most plant-like protists have flagella (whip-like tails).
Volvox
Euglena
Diatoms
Slide653. Fungus-like Protists
Slime Mold
a. They are
heterotrophs
with
cell walls.
b. They live in
moist soil
and on
decaying plants.
c. They feed on
bacteria
and other
microorganisms.
d. An example is
slime mold.
Slide66Fungi (Kingdom Fungi)A. Characteristics
All fungi are heterotrophs. They release chemicals that digest the substance on which they are growing. Then they absorb the digested food. They are multicellular (except for yeast) and eukaryotic. Fungi (and bacteria) are considered the Earth’s “clean up crew”.
Shelf mushrooms growing on a dead tree.
Slide67B. Structure of Fungi
Fungi cells are called hyphae and are continuous threads that contain many nuclei. 2. This is different from plant and animals cells which each have their own cell membrane and nucleus.
Slide68B. 3 types of fungi
1. Yeasts
2. Mushrooms
3. Mold
Slide691. Yeasts
a. Yeasts are made of only one cell. b. They are used to make bread rise. c. As yeast grows, it produces carbon dioxide. d. Yeasts reproduce by a process known as “budding”
Yeast under a microscope
Yeast budding
Slide702. Mushrooms
a. Shaped like an umbrella b. Some can be eaten but others are poisonous. c. Reproduce with spores which are reproductive cells that get carried by the wind to a new location and start a new mushroom.
Slide713. Mold
a. Mold is fuzzy, shapeless, and flat, and grow on the surface of an object (like bread). b. Some are used to make foods like tofu, soy sauce, and blue cheese c. Certain molds make the drug Penicillin
Bread mold under a micro-scope
Mold growing on a rock
Slide72C. Fungi and its effects on others
1. Some fungi are helpful in making food or medicines. 2. Most fungi are neutral (not good but not bad). A few fungi are harmful a. Dutch Elm Disease b. Fungi that damage crops c. Fungi that are poisonous d. Fungi that cause cancer or cause itchy or painful sores on humans/pets (like ringworm or athlete’s foot).
Dutch Elm Disease
Ring Worm
Athlete’s Foot