Main characteristics of Germanic which distinguish it from IE The First Germanic Consonant Shift Vowel gradation Nominal reduction to a 4case system Verbal reduction to a 2tense system Innovation weak amp strong declensions of adjectives ID: 747611
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Slide1
Review: Germanic is one of the Indo-European family of languagesSlide2
Main characteristics of Germanic which distinguish it from IE
The First Germanic Consonant Shift
Vowel gradationNominal reduction to a 4-case system
Verbal reduction to a 2-tense systemInnovation: weak & strong declensions of adjectives
Innovation: weak verbs with "dental" past suffix
Stress fixed on the rootA common distinctive vocabularySlide3
Main characteristics of Germanic which distinguish it from IE
The First Germanic Consonant Shift
See 2nd-week material:
Indo-European stops at http://www.hi.is/~peturk/KENNSLA/11/TOPICS/02IEstops.htmlThe Neo-Grammarians at http://www.hi.is/~peturk/KENNSLA/11/SLIDES/02aNeogrammarians.pptSlide4
First Germanic Consonant Shift-summary
Indo-European
Germanic
First series
p t k kw
f þ h hw
Second series
b d g gw
p t k kw
Third series
bh dh gh ghw
b d g gwSlide5
Main characteristics of Germanic which distinguish it from IE
The First Germanic Consonant Shift
Vowel gradation
Nominal reduction to a 4-case systemVerbal reduction to a 2-tense system
Innovation: weak & strong declensions of adjectives
Innovation: weak verbs with "dental" past suffix
Stress fixed on the root
A common distinctive vocabularySlide6
2 Vowel gradation
ablaut, hljóðskiptaröð: a set of internal vowel changes expressing different morphological functions.In IE:
e-grade or full gradeo-gradezero grade.Remains today:
Mostly strong verbs:ride rode ridden sing sang sung
freeze froze frozenfly flew flownSlide7
Main characteristics of Germanic which distinguish it from IE
The First Germanic Consonant Shift
Vowel gradation
Nominal reduction to a 4-case systemVerbal reduction to a 2-tense system
Innovation: weak & strong declensions of adjectives
Innovation: weak verbs with "dental" past suffix
Stress fixed on the rootA common distinctive vocabularySlide8
4 Nominal reduction to a 4-case system
IE had eight casesnom voc acc gen dat instr abl loc3 numbers
singular dual plural3 genders
masculine, feminine neuter
Germanic 4 casesnom acc gen datRetained 3 numbers in pronouns
3 gendersmasculine, feminine neuter
Indo-European
GermanicSlide9
IE nominal cases
nominativevocative accusative genitive
dativeinstrumentalablativelocativeSlide10
Germanic nominal cases
nominativevocative accusative genitive
dativeinstrumentalablative
locativeSlide11
Germanic nominal cases
nominativenefnifallaccusativeþolfallgenitive
eignarfalldativeþágufall
se dæg
cymð – sá
dagur
kemur
that day will come
ic geman
þone dæg - ég man þann dagI remember
that day
se nama þæs dæges– dagsins nafnthe name
of the day
–
the day’s name
on
þæm dæge
– á
þeim degi
on
that daySlide12
Seo læfdige
geaf
þære cwene þæs cyninges
hring
Frúin
gaf drottningunni
hring konungsins
The lady
gave the queen
the king’s ring
NOMINATIVE
subject
DATIVE
indirect object
given to whom?
GENITIVE
possession
ACCUSATIVE
direct object
what was givenSlide13
Main characteristics of Germanic which distinguish it from IE
The First Germanic Consonant Shift
Vowel gradation
Nominal reduction to a 4-case systemVerbal reduction to a 2-tense system
Innovation: weak & strong declensions of adjectives
Innovation: weak verbs with "dental" past suffix
Stress fixed on the rootA common distinctive vocabularySlide14
4 Verbs: 2 tenses only
Presentnon-time specifiedPasttime orientated
it
rains
, old women are wise
it
rained
, Mary knew the answer
Other tenses are periphrastic:
it has rained, is raining, will rain, has been raining, etcSlide15
Main characteristics of Germanic which distinguish it from IE
The First Germanic Consonant Shift
Vowel gradation
Nominal reduction to a 4-case system
Verbal reduction to a 2-tense systemInnovation: weak & strong declensions of adjectives
Innovation: weak verbs with "dental" past suffix
Stress fixed on the rootA common distinctive vocabularySlide16
5 Innovation: weak & strong declensions of adjectives
ein guter Mann – der gute Manngóður maður – góði maðurinnán gód man – se góda man
See more on:
http://www.hi.is/~peturk/KENNSLA/11/TOPICS/04WeakStrongAdj.htmSlide17
Main characteristics of Germanic which distinguish it from IE
The First Germanic Consonant Shift
Vowel gradation
Nominal reduction to a 4-case system
Verbal reduction to a 2-tense systemInnovation: weak & strong declensions of adjectives
Innovation: weak verbs with "dental" past suffix
Stress fixed on the rootA common distinctive vocabularySlide18
6 Innovation: weak verbs with "dental" past suffix
"weak" = regular verbs (bake baked)"strong" = irregular verbs
(sing sang sung)development of a weak class of verbs with dental suffix (d/t) in past tensehear heard, bake bakedheyra
heyrði, baka bakaðiSlide19
Main characteristics of Germanic which distinguish it from IE
The First Germanic Consonant Shift
Vowel gradation
Nominal reduction to a 4-case system
Verbal reduction to a 2-tense systemInnovation: weak & strong declensions of adjectives
Innovation: weak verbs with "dental" past suffix
Stress fixed on the rootA common distinctive vocabularySlide20
7 Stress fixed on the root
pitarbhratar
fæderbróðor
weakening of endings:
hringas > ringes > rings >
lufian > lufien >
luvie >luve >we lufodon > we lufeden
> we luvede >Slide21
SINGULAR
IE
Gmc
Go
Ice
OE
ModE
nominative
dhogos
ðagas
gads
dagr
dæg
day
accusative
dhoghom
ðagan
dag
dag
dæg
day
genitive
dhogheso
ðagesa
dagis
dags
dæges
day’s
dative
dhogoai
ðagai
daga
degi
dæge
day
PLURAL
nominative
dhogoes
ðagoz
dagos
dagar
dagas
days
accusative
dhogoms
ðaganz
dagans
daga
dagas
days
genitive
dhogeom
ðagon
dage
daga
daga
days
dative
dhoghomos
ðagomoz
dagam
dögum
dagum
days
Vowel weakening – further
Table base on Strang, p. 415Slide22
Main characteristics of Germanic which distinguish it from IE
The First Germanic Consonant Shift
Vowel gradation
Nominal reduction to a 4-case system
Verbal reduction to a 2-tense systemInnovation: weak & strong declensions of adjectives
Innovation: weak verbs with "dental" past suffix
Stress fixed on the root
A common distinctive vocabularySlide23
8 A common distinctive vocabulary
brák-
> OE bróc, plural bréc > breeches
Ice. brók
busk- > bush
dreug- > drýge > dry, drought
tap- > top, tap, tip (typpi)
wepnam
> wæpen, vopn, weapon
Examples of words only found in Germanic:
Found in Germanic and Celtic: