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Catholic Reformation Counter Reformation? Catholic Reformation Counter Reformation?

Catholic Reformation Counter Reformation? - PowerPoint Presentation

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Catholic Reformation Counter Reformation? - PPT Presentation

Catholic Reformation AntiReformation Change or Continuity Metanarratives of the Reformation The Weberian Legacy The end of the Middle Ages The end of scholasticism and the start of ID: 706497

catholic reformation holy inquisition reformation catholic inquisition holy church council justification papal witch protestant context saints christ catholicism souls salvation protestants pope

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Presentation Transcript

Slide1

Catholic ReformationSlide2

Counter Reformation?

Catholic

Reformation?

Anti-Reformation

?

Change or Continuity?Slide3

Meta-narratives of the Reformation

The

Weberian

Legacy

The end of the Middle Ages

The end of scholasticism and the start of

humanism

Contemporary polemics: Paolo

Sarpi

(1552-1623)Slide4

Contested Humanisms

Erasmus

De

libero

arbitrio

diatribe

sive

collatio

1524Slide5

Juan Luis Vives

(1493-1540)

De

subventione

pauperum

sive

de

humanis

necessitatibus

(on assistance to the poor)Slide6

Augustinianism

Intellectual context: Humanist

Theological context: Salvation and Justification

Confessional context: Catholic or Protestant

?

‘The

preoccupation of Western Christendom with the views of Augustine was not a product of the Protestant Reformation, nor a concern confined to the confrontation between Catholics and Protestants.

The

‘Augustinian moment’ lasted rather from the mid-fifteenth to the mid-eighteenth century, symbolizing an obsession with the most central problems of the Christian faith, salvation and grace, Justification and predestination

…’

A.D

. Wright,

The Counter Reformation

, p. 6.Slide7

Pre-‘Reformation’ HereticsSlide8

The

Ambiguous case of the

Waldensians

(1170s)

Poverty

(like the Franciscans?)

Against clerically administered sacraments (like the Protestants?)

Survived underground and joined the Protestant movement in the sixteenth centurySlide9

Pre – ‘Reformation’ reform

The case of the Franciscans (c. 1223)

Poverty (like the

Waldensians

)

Against corruption of the Church (like the Franciscans)

Inspired by religious fervour (mysticism)

Had a radical branch (the Spiritualists) who compared the Pope to the anti-Christ (like Luther?)Slide10

Council of Trent 1545-1563Slide11

Political ContextSlide12

A New Sense of Crisis?

Whereas there is, at this time,

not without the shipwreck of many souls

, and

grievous detriment to the unity of the Church

, a certain erroneous doctrine disseminated touching Justification; the sacred and holy,

oecumenical

and general Synod of Trent, lawfully assembled in the Holy Ghost,--the most reverend lords,

Giammaria

del Monte, bishop of

Palaestrina

, and Marcellus of the title of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem, priest, cardinals of the holy Roman Church, and legates apostolic a

latere

, presiding therein, in the name of our most holy father and lord in Christ, Paul III., by the providence of God, Pope,-purposes, unto the praise and glory of Almighty God,

the

tranquillising

of the Church, and the salvation of souls, to expound to all the faithful of Christ the true and sound doctrine touching the said Justification

; which (doctrine) the sun of justice, Christ Jesus, the author and finisher of our faith, taught, which the apostles transmitted, and which the Catholic Church, the Holy Ghost reminding her thereof, has always retained; most strictly forbidding that any henceforth presume to believe, preach, or teach, otherwise than as by this present decree is

defined

and

declared

Decree on Justification, Council of Trent 6

th

Session, 1547Slide13

The Long View:

Conciliarism

Papal Schism (1378 – 1417)

Council of Pisa (1409)

Council of Constance (1414 - 1418)

Council of Florence / Basel (1431 - 1439)

Fifth Lateran Council 1512-17 (condemnation of

conciliarism

)Slide14

Papal

MonarchySlide15

Art & PowerSlide16

Tridentine Reforms

Education: establishment of diocesan seminaries

Society: Increase in church weddings

Accountability: annual episcopal visitations

Preaching: increase in standards

Reform: regular and monastic clergy

Faith: affirmation of veneration of saints and imagesSlide17

Hybrid Results

Reaffirmation of the Nicene Creed

Literary reforms Slide18

Tridentine

Catechism 1566

(Catechism = summary of the doctrines of the church, used for teaching purposes)

Aimed to improve the education of the clergy

Emphasis that priests have care of souls (

ad

parochos

)

Official manual of popular instruction Slide19

Index of Prohibited BooksSlide20

Expansion of Saints (1622)

Ignatius Loyola

Francis Xavier

Philip

Neri

Teresa of Ávila

Isidor

the

LaborerSlide21

A New form of Catholicism?

Holy poverty

Mysticism

Saints

Religious

OrdersSlide22

Communication

Gabriele

Paleotti

(1522–1597), Archbishop

of

Bologna,

De

sacris

et profanes

imaginibus

(1582

)Slide23

Realism

Pompeo Batoni, Sacro cuore di Gesù, 1760sSlide24
Slide25

Impact on social and sacred landscapes

Churches (emphasis on importance of the host, and images)

Social practices (baptism)

Relationships (marriage)Slide26

The Counter Reformation and Gender

Importance of women to Catholic revival

Female piety (Teresa de Avila)

Intellectual interest in women: Juan

Vives

Enclosure

of

nuns

Emphasis on marriage

Infant

baptism – investigation of midwives

Suspicion of superstition – Witch huntSlide27

Witch Hunts

Malleus

Maleficarum

(1486)

Catholic witch-hunters accused witches of heretical diabolism

Protestant witch-hunters thought they were stamping out the superstitions of old pagan religionsSlide28

Who was the face of the Catholic Reformation?Slide29

Jesuits (Society of Jesus)

Founded by Ignatius of Loyola and Francisco Xavier

Gained papal approval in 1540

Mendicant?

Favoured by the papacy as global missionaries in the early modern period

Shock troops of the Catholic Reformation?

Too powerful?

Suppression 1767

Restoration 1814Slide30

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vt0Y39eMvpI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ZegQYgygdw

Slide31

The Inquisition: did nobody expect it?

1231 Pope Gregory IX established the first formal ecclesiastical Inquisition tribunal to combat heresy

1478 Establishment of the Spanish Inquisition

1510 Inquisition tribunals spread to the Canary Islands

1542 Roman Inquisition

1571 Philip II authorised a Mexican Holy OfficeSlide32

The Franciscan experience of

Inquisition (14 c.)

Driven

out of his mind by anger, the inquisitor ordered that, dressed in a short tunic, the prisoner be put first in a bath of hot water, then of cold. Then, with a stone tied to his feet, he was raised up again, kept there for a while, and dropped again, and his shins were poked with reeds as sharp as swords. Again and again he was hauled up until, on the thirteenth elevation, the rope broke and he fell from a great height with the stone still tied to his feet. As that destroyer of the faithful stood looking at him, he lay there only half alive,

whith

his body shattered. The treacherous man’s servants took the body and disposed of it in a

cesspool

Angelo of

Clareno

, p. 172.Slide33

Inquisition, Auto de FeSlide34
Slide35

Auto de Fe, Mani, 1562Slide36

Changing the face of

Europe?

Visual landscape: Architecture / Art

Social landscape: Communities

Spiritual landscape: IdeologiesSlide37

Spread of Protestantism?Slide38

Spread of Catholicism?Slide39

Peace of Augsburg 1555Slide40

The Spanish EmpireSlide41

Papal Monarchy or Imperial Theocracy?

Spanish

empire

Use of religion in empire

Crown inquisitionSlide42

The Global Catholic ReformationSlide43

Conclusion

Not inevitable - many continuities with older challenges and solutions and many similarities between Catholics and Protestants

Significant Changes:

Tridentine

Catholicism, Papal monarchy, new saints, new religious orders, Inquisition

Effecting the shape of global Catholicism