Catholic Reformation AntiReformation Change or Continuity Metanarratives of the Reformation The Weberian Legacy The end of the Middle Ages The end of scholasticism and the start of ID: 706497
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Slide1
Catholic ReformationSlide2
Counter Reformation?
Catholic
Reformation?
Anti-Reformation
?
Change or Continuity?Slide3
Meta-narratives of the Reformation
The
Weberian
Legacy
The end of the Middle Ages
The end of scholasticism and the start of
humanism
Contemporary polemics: Paolo
Sarpi
(1552-1623)Slide4
Contested Humanisms
Erasmus
De
libero
arbitrio
diatribe
sive
collatio
1524Slide5
Juan Luis Vives
(1493-1540)
De
subventione
pauperum
sive
de
humanis
necessitatibus
(on assistance to the poor)Slide6
Augustinianism
Intellectual context: Humanist
Theological context: Salvation and Justification
Confessional context: Catholic or Protestant
?
‘The
preoccupation of Western Christendom with the views of Augustine was not a product of the Protestant Reformation, nor a concern confined to the confrontation between Catholics and Protestants.
The
‘Augustinian moment’ lasted rather from the mid-fifteenth to the mid-eighteenth century, symbolizing an obsession with the most central problems of the Christian faith, salvation and grace, Justification and predestination
…’
A.D
. Wright,
The Counter Reformation
, p. 6.Slide7
Pre-‘Reformation’ HereticsSlide8
The
Ambiguous case of the
Waldensians
(1170s)
Poverty
(like the Franciscans?)
Against clerically administered sacraments (like the Protestants?)
Survived underground and joined the Protestant movement in the sixteenth centurySlide9
Pre – ‘Reformation’ reform
The case of the Franciscans (c. 1223)
Poverty (like the
Waldensians
)
Against corruption of the Church (like the Franciscans)
Inspired by religious fervour (mysticism)
Had a radical branch (the Spiritualists) who compared the Pope to the anti-Christ (like Luther?)Slide10
Council of Trent 1545-1563Slide11
Political ContextSlide12
A New Sense of Crisis?
Whereas there is, at this time,
not without the shipwreck of many souls
, and
grievous detriment to the unity of the Church
, a certain erroneous doctrine disseminated touching Justification; the sacred and holy,
oecumenical
and general Synod of Trent, lawfully assembled in the Holy Ghost,--the most reverend lords,
Giammaria
del Monte, bishop of
Palaestrina
, and Marcellus of the title of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem, priest, cardinals of the holy Roman Church, and legates apostolic a
latere
, presiding therein, in the name of our most holy father and lord in Christ, Paul III., by the providence of God, Pope,-purposes, unto the praise and glory of Almighty God,
the
tranquillising
of the Church, and the salvation of souls, to expound to all the faithful of Christ the true and sound doctrine touching the said Justification
; which (doctrine) the sun of justice, Christ Jesus, the author and finisher of our faith, taught, which the apostles transmitted, and which the Catholic Church, the Holy Ghost reminding her thereof, has always retained; most strictly forbidding that any henceforth presume to believe, preach, or teach, otherwise than as by this present decree is
defined
and
declared
Decree on Justification, Council of Trent 6
th
Session, 1547Slide13
The Long View:
Conciliarism
Papal Schism (1378 – 1417)
Council of Pisa (1409)
Council of Constance (1414 - 1418)
Council of Florence / Basel (1431 - 1439)
Fifth Lateran Council 1512-17 (condemnation of
conciliarism
)Slide14
Papal
MonarchySlide15
Art & PowerSlide16
Tridentine Reforms
Education: establishment of diocesan seminaries
Society: Increase in church weddings
Accountability: annual episcopal visitations
Preaching: increase in standards
Reform: regular and monastic clergy
Faith: affirmation of veneration of saints and imagesSlide17
Hybrid Results
Reaffirmation of the Nicene Creed
Literary reforms Slide18
Tridentine
Catechism 1566
(Catechism = summary of the doctrines of the church, used for teaching purposes)
Aimed to improve the education of the clergy
Emphasis that priests have care of souls (
ad
parochos
)
Official manual of popular instruction Slide19
Index of Prohibited BooksSlide20
Expansion of Saints (1622)
Ignatius Loyola
Francis Xavier
Philip
Neri
Teresa of Ávila
Isidor
the
LaborerSlide21
A New form of Catholicism?
Holy poverty
Mysticism
Saints
Religious
OrdersSlide22
Communication
Gabriele
Paleotti
(1522–1597), Archbishop
of
Bologna,
De
sacris
et profanes
imaginibus
(1582
)Slide23
Realism
Pompeo Batoni, Sacro cuore di Gesù, 1760sSlide24Slide25
Impact on social and sacred landscapes
Churches (emphasis on importance of the host, and images)
Social practices (baptism)
Relationships (marriage)Slide26
The Counter Reformation and Gender
Importance of women to Catholic revival
Female piety (Teresa de Avila)
Intellectual interest in women: Juan
Vives
Enclosure
of
nuns
Emphasis on marriage
Infant
baptism – investigation of midwives
Suspicion of superstition – Witch huntSlide27
Witch Hunts
Malleus
Maleficarum
(1486)
Catholic witch-hunters accused witches of heretical diabolism
Protestant witch-hunters thought they were stamping out the superstitions of old pagan religionsSlide28
Who was the face of the Catholic Reformation?Slide29
Jesuits (Society of Jesus)
Founded by Ignatius of Loyola and Francisco Xavier
Gained papal approval in 1540
Mendicant?
Favoured by the papacy as global missionaries in the early modern period
Shock troops of the Catholic Reformation?
Too powerful?
Suppression 1767
Restoration 1814Slide30
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vt0Y39eMvpI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ZegQYgygdw
Slide31
The Inquisition: did nobody expect it?
1231 Pope Gregory IX established the first formal ecclesiastical Inquisition tribunal to combat heresy
1478 Establishment of the Spanish Inquisition
1510 Inquisition tribunals spread to the Canary Islands
1542 Roman Inquisition
1571 Philip II authorised a Mexican Holy OfficeSlide32
The Franciscan experience of
Inquisition (14 c.)
Driven
out of his mind by anger, the inquisitor ordered that, dressed in a short tunic, the prisoner be put first in a bath of hot water, then of cold. Then, with a stone tied to his feet, he was raised up again, kept there for a while, and dropped again, and his shins were poked with reeds as sharp as swords. Again and again he was hauled up until, on the thirteenth elevation, the rope broke and he fell from a great height with the stone still tied to his feet. As that destroyer of the faithful stood looking at him, he lay there only half alive,
whith
his body shattered. The treacherous man’s servants took the body and disposed of it in a
cesspool
Angelo of
Clareno
, p. 172.Slide33
Inquisition, Auto de FeSlide34Slide35
Auto de Fe, Mani, 1562Slide36
Changing the face of
Europe?
Visual landscape: Architecture / Art
Social landscape: Communities
Spiritual landscape: IdeologiesSlide37
Spread of Protestantism?Slide38
Spread of Catholicism?Slide39
Peace of Augsburg 1555Slide40
The Spanish EmpireSlide41
Papal Monarchy or Imperial Theocracy?
Spanish
empire
Use of religion in empire
Crown inquisitionSlide42
The Global Catholic ReformationSlide43
Conclusion
Not inevitable - many continuities with older challenges and solutions and many similarities between Catholics and Protestants
Significant Changes:
Tridentine
Catholicism, Papal monarchy, new saints, new religious orders, Inquisition
Effecting the shape of global Catholicism