Ch. 27 Nationalism and Revolution - PowerPoint Presentation

Ch. 27 Nationalism and Revolution

Latin America Latin America has an abundance of natural resources “Trade” with industrialized nations for other goods Uruguay and Argentina had democratic constitutions Others had military dictators or a small elite running the country and kept all of the wealth to themselves Mexico would boil over into a full blown revolution Middle classes and working classes will rise ( Che ) 1910, Mexico, Porfirio Diaz was the reigning dictator for 35 years, reelected year after year Everything seemed great on the surface, mines developed, railroads built, oil drilling and a booming economy

Mexican Revolution The wealth was not being shared Most of the people were MESTIZOS, or native peasants, who lived in poverty Worked on HACIENDAS, large plantations controlled by landowning elite Some earned low wages in factories and mines T he urban middle class wanted democracy and some of the elite did not like the influence of foreign companies All opposed dictatorship and wanted free elections Everything comes to a boil 1910, FRANCISCO MADERO, a liberal reformer of an elite family, demanded free elections Rebellion ensued and Diaz resigned in 1911, a bloody battle followed for power

Revolution… Well Not So Fast Mexico’s chain of events after 1910 Diaz resigns in 1911 Madero elected in 1911 Assassinated by one of his generals, VICTORIANO HUERTA within two years of being elected Huerta sets up dictatorship “PANCHO” VILLA, EMILIANO ZAPATA and VENUSTIANO CARRANZA defeat Huerta Villa and Zapata are peasants and Carranza is a rich landowner Carranza backstabs Villa and Zapata Carranza becomes president in 1917 and writes a new constitution and slow moving reforms

Constitution of 1917 Carranza reluctantly approved the new constitution Set up labor and reform that is still used today THREE GOALS OF THE CONSTITUTION: Land, religion and economy Government given more control over the economy and estates are broken up, restriction on foreigner land owning and NATIONALIZATION (government takeover) of natural resources Church land was deemed “the property of the nation” Minimum wage was put into place and protection of workers’ right to strike Men still only allowed to vote, women were given equal pay for the same job as a man and could draw up contracts in marriages (YES!)

Fighting and More Fighting Fighting continued through the 1920s Carranza was overthrown in 1920 1929, government organized the INSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION PARTY (PRI) Appealed to all groups while maintaining power

PRI Gains Control PRI accommodated many people Business, military, peasants and workers benefited form the PRI Adopted goals while keeping all power for themselves Suppressed opposition and decent Brought stability to Mexico PRI was the head of Mexican politics form the 1930s until the free election of 2000

Reforms Constitution of 1917 listed a set of goals for future, no actual reform 1920s and 30s reform started Helped natives regain lands taken from them President Cardenas gave millions of acres of land to peasants Supported unions and lead an effort to improve schools and combat illiteracy Women worked for low pay as teachers, spoke of nationalism Mexico became the first Latin American nation to achieve real social and economic reforms

Economic Reform More reforms Government became heavily i nvolved with the economy as well 1938, labor disputes broke out between Mexican workers and a foreign-owned oil companies Cardenas stepped in and nationalized Mexico’s oil U.S. and Britain resisted Mexico’s decision and were given compensation for loses Gained economic independence Mexican nationalism continued to grow

Economic Nationalism Mexico was trying to get out of the U.S. shadow Mexico struggled in the 1930s from the Great Depression, no where to ship exports and imports were very expensive ECONOMIC NATIONALISM, emphasis on home control of the economy, sparked in Mexico Entrepreneurs started factories Government raised tariffs, invested in new businesses Other countries kicked out foreign assets too Even thought the distribution remained unequal, failure

Political Nationalism The Depression caused people to lose faith in the government (weird) No more oligarchies and liberal government LIBERALISM, belief in the individual with limited government, was not going to work in Latin America Authoritarian governments stepped in and controlled the countries economy People wanted the government to have more control

Cultural Nationalism There was a mass rejection of European influence in Latin America CULTURAL NATIONALISM, pride in one’s own culture, started to take shape Mural paintings (Aztec and Mayan) and a strong native presence emerged Many works created on public buildings showing Mexican liberty by Diego Rivera, Jose Clement Orozco and David Siqueiros U.S. continued their influence in Latin America International police

The Good Neighbor Policy Investments in Latin America by the U.S. soared after WWI Supported leaders who favored the U.S. during the revolution 1914, U.S. attacked Veracruz because Mexico imprisoned U.S. sailors 1916, U.S. army invaded Mexico after Pancho Villa killed a dozen Americans in New Mexico Cesar Sandino led a guerilla movement in Nicaragua against the U.S. in the 1920s FDR established the GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY to lessen its interference in the affairs of Latin American nations Withdrew troops, ended Platt Amendment (limited Cuban independence) Supported Mexican ntionalism

Africa Early 1900s, almost every piece of Africa is a European colony Boom in agriculture exploited by foreigners Africans forced to work on the plantations or mines Their pay went to the colonial government Forced off the best lands and the ones who had their own land were NOT allowed to grow profitable crops in Kenya and Rhodesia Also in Kenya, people forced to carry I.D. cards, imposed taxes and restricted where the people could live and travel Other farmers were forced to grow cash crops and not food, famine took over

Colonial Control During WWI, 1 million Africans fought for their colonial rulers Thought more rights would come, but didn’t Educated Africans despised the colonial rule and the best jobs went to Europeans Many were inspired by President Wilson’s call for self-determination Thoughts of socialism were being to grow as imperialism became hated Whites began to strengthen grip in South Africa in 1910-40 Imposed a system of racial segregation

Apartheid Whites were granted supremacy in economically, politically and socially in South Africa Blacks pushed into low-paying, low-skilled jobs Better jobs given to whites Blacks had to carry passes at all times Evicted from the best land Forced to live in crowded reserves with dry, infertile land Laws began to manipulate the systems Land owning blacks were allowed to vote in South Africa 1936, the government abolished that right 1948, APARTHEID (policy of rigid segregation, became law

Fighting for Rights A nationalist movement began in South Africa African Christian churches and Africa-run newspapers demanded rights for blacks Political party, African National Congress (ANC), was formed to protect from unfair laws No effect on government, but built framework PAN-AFRICANISM, unity of all Africans worldwide started in 1920s Marcus Garvey (from Jamaica) encouraged Africans around the world “Africa for Africans” was preached, demanded an end to political rule

African Resistance African American Scholar and activist W.E.B. DuBois organized first Pan-African Congress 1919, met in Paris where allies were holding a peace conference (smart) Urged peacemakers to approve a charter for the rights of Africans Their request was ignored but linked Africans and African-Americans The NEGRITUDE MOVEMENT starts, writers expressed pride in African roots and protested colonial rule Senegalese writer, Leopold Senghor, celebrated African culture and rejected the negative views spread by colonial rulers Fought for Senegal’s independence later, first president

Egypt Gains Independence Egypt was a battleground in WWI and the country suffered Protests, strikes and riots forced Britain to grant Egypt independence in 1922 Britain still controlled Egypt’s monarchy though (Indirect Rule-PROTECTORATE) Many young Egyptians were displeased during the 1930s and organized the Muslim Brotherhood Focused on Islamic nationalism and rejected Western culture and criticized corruption in the Egyptian Government

Turkey and Persia Nationalists movements in the Middle East brought many changes Ottoman Empire was near collapse in 1918 Its Arab lands were divided between Britain and France ASIA MANOR, Turkish peninsula between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, resisted W estern control 1920, Ottoman sultan signs Treaty of Sevres Gave up Arab and North African lands Asia minor lands, Greece, were also given up

Turkish Nationalism A Greek force claimed their lands and a Turkish nationalists wanted independence Mustafa Kemal overthrew the sultan and defeated Greeks in Turkey, claimed Turkey a republic A new treaty negotiated 1.3 million Greeks leave Turkey and 400,000 Turks leave Greece Kemal takes name of Ataturk, “father of the Turks” Many reforms: separation of religion and government and Westernized Westernized Turkey Industrial expansion Railroads, factories, hired Western advisors Ataturk ruled with an iron hand

Persia (Iran) Ataturk inspires reform in the region Persian nationalists stand up against British and Russians (had spheres of influence since 1907) 1925, Reza Khan overthrew the shah, set up dynasty Khan modernizes Persia Made Persia fully independent Built factories, roads, railroads and strengthened army Replaced Islamic law with secular (worldly) law Made Persians wear Western clothing Setup secular type schools Encouraged women to take part in public life Muslim leaders hated him! Persuaded British to give up shares in their Persian oil companies to Persia, hire Persians

Arab Nationalism Oil is becoming more and more sought! PAN-ARABISM, people of Arab heritage and of Arabian Peninsula to North Africa should ban together under their history and language Recall the golden age of Arab civilization, free Arabs from foreign domination Arabs were pretty upset after the Paris Peace conference and the mandates put in place Arabs helped Allies in WWI and thought they would gain independence after The allies carved up the lands instead for themselves Arabs felt betrayed, still do… Today the struggle occurs in Palestine between Jewish nationalists and Arab nationalists

Palestine Jews dreamed of returning to Judea, Israel 1897, Theodor Herzl started a Zionist movement Build a Jewish state in Palestine Russians had anti-Semitism toward Jews, killed thousands Allies messed up Promised Arabs Ottoman lands 1917, British accepted the BELFOUR DECLARATION, advocated idea of setting up a national home for Jews in Palestine The existing communities were Arab

Fight for Palestine 1919 to 1940, thousands of Jews immigrated to Palestine Jewish population went from 60,000 in 1919 to 400,000 in 1936 Muslim population in 1919 was 568,000 to 1 million in 1940 Arabs welcomed everyone at first, modern technology and money brought in Tensions grew and war started, going on to this day Fight for land and both established militaries

Going to India The turning point in India In Amritsar, a northern Indian city, protests against the British were taking place… some violent April 13, 1919 a peaceful group rallied and gathered in an enclosed field to give speeches and encouragement to a crowd Indian people were not allowed to hold public meetings When the Indian leaders began to speak, General R eginald Dyer, told his 50 soldiers to open fire on the crowd 400 people were killed and 1,100 wounded in the AMRITSAR MASSACRE

Call for Independence The tragedy was the tipping point in India’s frustrations after WWI One million Indians served overseas Britain promised more self-government In the end, Britain only made a few minor reforms Since 1885, the Indian National Congress Party was pushing for self-rule Most of the party was middle-class, Western-educated elite and had little in common with the peasants Wanted full independence after the massacre A new leader emerged in the 1920s, Mohandas Gandhi, and united Indians from all class lines

How You Doing Gandhi? Gandhi leads the fight for independence Came from a middle-class Hindu family Age 19, went to England to study law Went to South Africa, for 20 years helped to fight the laws discriminating against Indians in South Africa 1914, Gandhi returned to India and was named leader of the Congress Party Gandhi was an advocate of nonviolence (MLK) Gandhi began to gain the attention of the British government Preached ancient doctrine of AHIMSA, nonviolence and reverence of all life Thought he could use the power of love to convert even the worst wrongdoers

Gandhi Leads the Way Gandhi’s philosophy reflected Western and Indian influences Admired Christian teachings of love and Thoreau’s CIVIL DISOBIENDIENCE, the refusal to obey unjust laws Liked the ideas of democracy and nationalism Wanted equal rights for Indians Fought hard to end the harsh treatment of the UNTOUCHABLES, members of the lowest caste Gandhi calls for BOYCOTT, refusal to buy, all British goods No more British cotton or textiles and restore pride in Indian traditional industries Gained widespread support

Gandhi and the Salt March Gandhi wanted stand up against the British salt monopoly Hit the British financially! March 12, 1930, Gandhi and 78 followers went on a 240 mile march to the sea The march had thousands of people by the time they reached the sea (marched to the sea because salt is available from the sea, but the British forbade it) April 6, he picked up a lump of salt from the sea and was arrested Many Indians began getting salt and selling it on the streets Papers around the world began to criticize the British Gandhi’s plan was working, British started to given more power to the Indians British forced Indian’s into WWII without consulting Led a campaign against the British and when the war ended in 1945 India gained independence C onflict between Muslims and Hindus would hurt the nation

Hello China The Qing Dynasty fell in 1911 SUN YIXIAN was elected president and wanted to rebuild China, now a republic, under THREE PRINCIPLES OF THE PEOPLE: Nationalism Democracy Economic freedom for everyone Yixian did not succeed and quickly fell into the “twin evils” of warlords uprisings and foreign imperialism Sun Yixian stepped down in 1912

Warlords Everywhere YUAN SHIKAI, powerful general, took over Sun hoped Yuan would create a powerful central government Yuan tried to setup a new dynasty His army did not support him, opposition occurred and divided the nation Yuan died in 1916 and China struggled more than ever China was in economic disaster and famine ravished the country Everyone was fighting for power and survival

Foreign Imperialism… Again Foreign powers wanted to take advantage of the chaos going on in China Merchants, missionaries, and soldiers went to China to demand trade During WWI Japan presented Yuan Shikai with their 21 DEMANDS, a list of demands that sought to make China a Japanese Protectorate Yuan gave in 1919 Paris Peace Conference gave German lands in China to the Japanese Chinese Nationalists were a little upset Student protests began to take place

May Fourth Movement Protests began on May 4, 1919 From city to city people wanting to strengthen China THE MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT sought to eliminate Confucian ideas and learning from the West Wanted to end foreign domination Women played a key role! They joined the march and wanted to end traditional practices like foot binding and this opened up the doors for their education Some Chinese saw Marxism as an answer The Soviets were eager to help and wanted to train students and officers to setup the VANGUARD, elite leaders of the communist revolution 1920s a small group started and formed their own political party

A Strong Nationalist Movement… 1921, Sun Yixian established the GUOMINDANG, a nationalist party in South China Wanted to take down the warlords in China Western Democracies did not want to help The Soviets were more than willing to help China’s future should be the Three P rinciples of the People Sun died in 1925 and an army officer, JIANG JIESHI took over the Guomindang Did not want democracy or communism while trying to defeat the warlords 1926 Jiang began the Northern Expedition to take over local warlords and recapture Beijing Waited for his opportunity to take out his Chinese Communist supporters

The Start of Civil War Jiang began ordered the slaughtering of many China Communist Party members and workers Thousands were killed and it marked the beginning of a civil war between the Communists and the Guomindang , would last 22 years MAO ZEDONG, a young communist revolutionary, escaped the attacks Began leading revolts wherever he went Sought support from the large number of peasants instead of the small urban working class Small victories led to a redistribution of wealth to the peasants and other reforms

The Long March Jiang wanted to destroy the communist, or “Red Bandits” Jiang started extermination campaigns and forced Mao’s troops back in what is known as the LONG MARCH in 1934-35 Mao’s troops used guerilla warfare to survive and retreated to remote villages in Northern China to rebuild his army Marched over 6,000 miles fleeing the Guomindang forces Started with 100,000 troops and only 8,000 survived Mao made his troops treat the peasants with respect, no damage any of their crops and pay for any good the peasants wanted The peasants welcomed them wherever the went

Japan, “Carpe the diem!” 1931, as Jiang was fighting the communists, the Japanese led an attack to claim lands in Northern China Some Guomindang and Communists formed an alliance to push out the Japanese 1937, the Japanese struck again and started the SECOND SINO-JAPANESE WAR Japanese planes bombed many cities and claimed Beijing and Guangzhou Jiang was forced to retreat to the interior and form a new capital in Chongqing Japanese then began an attack on Nanjing They took Nanjing, the former capital of the Guomindang The Chinese surrendered and the Japanese began killing all of the civilians and soldier, “the rape of Nanjing”

Chinese Unite The Guomindang and Communists united to push out the Japanese The Soviet Union sent advisors and equipment to help Britain, France and U.S. gave financial aid The Guomindang and Communist still clashed, but styed together until the war ended The Japanese then bombed Pearl Harbor in 1941 and Chinese gained alliance from U.S. After WWII the Guomindang was becoming corrupt and Mao Zedong was spreading Communism Mao eventually took over and brought radical change to China