Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World - PowerPoint Presentation

Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World Chapter 28

Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval

Enlightened and Revolutionary Ideas Popular Sovereignty & Individual Freedom Political and Legal Equality Global Influence of Enlightenment Values Philosophes began to Question notions of SovereigntyLocke: indiv. VoluntarilyFormed society & est. gov’tRulers derive authority fromConsent of governedVoltaire: called for religiousToleration and freedom to Express their views openly Many enlightened philosophesCalled for equalityRecommend society where All individuals are equal beforeThe lawRousseau: members of a Society are sovereign, in an Ideal society indiv. Would Participate in the creation of laws Enlightenment challengedLong established ideasRevolutionary leadersWere influenced by Enlightenment ideasEnlightenment ideasInfluenced the organizationOf states and societiesThroughout the world. 1.Popular Sovereignty 3.John Locke’s ideas 26.Voltaire and Individual Freedom 29.How the Enlightenment influence Revolutions

The American Revolution (1775-1781) Tightened British Control Over Colonies Declaration of Independence & Divided Loyalties Building an Independent State N. American colonistsBecame disenchanted withBritish imperial ruleReasons for Disenchantment: Geographic distance, Inefficient gov’t , taxation w/o representation July 4, 1776 D.o.I. draftedInspired by enlightenmentThought to justify quest forIndependenceEchoed Locke’s ideaDifficult to put independenceInto actionBrits had many advantagesAmericans had much foreignSupport (France, Spain, NetherlandsAnd German principalities Constitution emphasizedThe rights of individualsGov’t based on popularsovereignty 2.Reasons for Independence for U.S. Colonies

The French Revolution (1789-1799) The Estates General The National Assembly Liberty, Equality, & Fraternity France faced fiscal Problems (war debts) 1 st estate: RomanCatholic Clergy2nd estate: nobles3rd estate: serf, freePeasants, urban residents All estates have same #Of votes even though 3rd Estate has more peopleCalled Estates GeneralInto session to authorize taxes3rd Estate demanded reform 3rd estates secede from theEstates General claim Themselves as National AssemblyParisian crowds storm the Bastille Military Garrison protecting theBastille surrendersPromulagated Declaration of theRights of Man and the Citizen Guided by American revolutionPrinciples calling for equality for all,Popular sovereignty, & individual rightsAbolish old social order Got rid of fees of peasantsAbolish 1st estateClergy seen as citizens ofThe state King is still executive butNo legislative authorityFrance for a time becameA constitutional monarchy 5.Estates General 6.Guiding principle written for the French Revolution

The French Revolution The Convention The Directory Revolution becomes more radical French nobility attempts to get Foreign help Forces the Nat’l Assembly to declare War on Prussia, Spain, Britain & NetherlandsCounterrevolutionaries start the assemblyKnown as the Convention Abolished the monarchyUsed the guillotineMaximillien Robespierre (Jacobin Party)Leads the Convention for a time Committee of Public Safety- campaign of Terror, promoted “cult of reason”Instability of Convention led to peopleUndermining the regimeThe Convention arrests RobespierreNew group of conservative men takeOver the Convention and start the DirectoryThe Directory was unable to solve social And economic problemsEnter in Napoleon Bonaparte with aCoup d’ etat 7 .“Cult of Reason” 27.Robespierre

The Reign of Napoleon Napoleonic France Napoleon’s Empire The Fall of Napoleon Napoleon brought political Stability to France Made an agreement with The Roman Catholic ChurchKnown as the CONCORDAT (payClerics salaries, prefer RomanCatholic Church, retained landsSeized)This won supportPromulagated the Civil CodeThat stabilized society Merit based societyLet opponents return to FranceLimited free speech, secretPolice, use of propaganda Wanted to extend authority Throughout EuropeIberian and Italian peninsulas,Netherlands, Austria, Prussia Attempted to attack RussiaWent to Capital everyoneWas gone and burned downNapoleon did not have Adequate supplies and housingOpponents of NapoleonTake advantage and Force him to abdicate his ThroneSend him to island of ElbaAttempt to regain powerFor 100 daysBritish army defeats him in Battle of Waterloo Once again and finally sentTo island of St. Helena 8.Napoleon’s effects on France 30.Concordat

The Influence of Revolution

The Haitian Revolution Saint- Domingue Society Slave Revolt and Toussaint LouvertureRepublic of Haiti 3 major groups:Whites: European bornColonial administrators, Plantation owners, minorAristocratsGens de colour: People ofColor, mulattoes & blackSlaves Planters did not take careOf slaves leading to high Mortality rateViolent conflicts betweenWhite owners and slavesGen de colour coming fromAmerican Revo. Wanted theSame change in Saint Domingue1791 civil war Gen de ColourAnd white settlersBoukman, voodoo priestOrganizes slave revoltBattle between white,Gen de colour, & slaves French attempt to restoreOrderBritish & Spanish interfereLouverture aided the revolutionPut Spanish, Brits, and FrenchAgainst each other Promulagated a constitution that Gave equality and citizenship to allresidentsNapoleon sent troops to Restore order but yellowFever caught them1803 declared independence 1804 establishment ofHaiti 9.Haitian Revolution 10.Touissant Louverture 28.3 groups of St. Domingue Society

Wars of Independence in Latin America Latin American Society Mexican Independence Simon Bolivar Revolutionary ideals Traveled to Spanish & Portuguese colonies Creoles: Euro-AmericanOther groups include: BlackSlaves, mixed ancestry (mestizos& mulattoes)Creoles benefited in Plantations, ranches and trade w/Spain & Portugual Sought to displace Peninsulares but retain privilegePositionPolitical independence modelof the U.S.Napoleon’s invasion of Spain & Portugal weakensColoniesMiguel Hidalgo y Costilla, parish priest, creates Peasant rebellionMestizos against colonialRuleSocial & economic warfareAgainst elitesColonial rule came to an endIn 1821 Augustin de Ituribe deposed Mexico becomes a republicCentral American Federation:Guatemala, El Salvado, Honduras,Nicaragua, Costa r Rica till 1838 Led movements of Independence in S. AmericaTook up arms againstSpanish rule and deposed Most throughout S. America Gran Colombia: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador ended in 1830 11.Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 12.Simon Bolivar

Wars of Independence in Latin America Brazilian Independence Creole Dominance When Napoleon invaded Portugal Royal court goes to Rio de Janeiro King returns in 1821 leaves, son, Pedro, behind Creoles call for independence inThe following year. Pedro agrees.Becomes emperor PedroCreoles dominate former coloniesLatin American society remained rigidlyStratified Caudillos: military authoritiesContinuation of slaveryConfirmed authority of Roman CatholicChurch

The Emergence of Ideologies: Conservatism & Liberalism Conservatism Liberalism Voting Rights and Restrictions Viewed society as an Organism that changed slowly Edmund Burke: condemned Radical or revolutionary changeApproved American Revo asNatural changing w/historicalDevelopmentDisapproved of FrenchRevolution chaotic and irrespon -Sible to societyChange normal, sign of ProgressViewed conservatism asMaintaining status quo andNot wanting to address InequalitiesChampioned enligthenmentValues of freedom & equality Liberalism of Atlantic revolutions more concerned about civil rightsAt the end of 19th c. liberals beganTo look to the gov’t to correct ProblemsJohn Stuart Mill argued for indiviDual freedom The idea that in order toEstablish democratic Legitimacy and popular Sovereignty universal suffrageIs needed. Suffrage derived legitimacyFrom the EnlightenmentAbout self government andConsent of the governed.13.Conservatism 14.Liberalism

Testing the Limits of Revolutionary Ideals: Slavery Movements to end the Slave Trade Movements to Abolish Slavery Freedom w/o Equality Idea to end slave trade Started in the 18th c.William Wilberforce: Leading proponent to endThe slave trade. Philanthropist. Member ofParliament 1807 Wilberforce’s billPasses to end the slave Trade Other countries followedSome illegal trade still occurredBigger challengeInexpensive laborEnding slave tradeWould ultimately endSlavery Abolition brought legalFreedom, not political EqualityProperty requirements,Literacy rates, poll taxes,IntimidationWhite creoles over blackcreoles 15.End of Slave Trade

Testing the Limits of the Revolutionary Ideals: Women’s Rights Enlightenment Ideals And Women Women and Revolution Women’s Rights Movement Most enlightenment Philosophers did not believe In women’s rightsReformers used it to theirAdvantageMary Wollstonecraft: “A Vindication for the Rights of Women” stated womenPossessed all the rights of men(education, contribute to society) Women participated in theRevolutions in various waysPreparing uniforms, Bandages, managing farms, Shops & businessesThey found little political Freedom and equality 19th c. women pressedFor their rights and abolitionOf slaveryElizabeth Cady Stanton:Called for women’s rights,Movement gained limitedSuccess in the 19th centuryBut gained momentum in The 20th c. 16.Mary Wollstonecraft18.Women and Revolution

The Consolidation of National States in Europe

Nations and Nationalism Cultural Nationalism Political Nationalism Refers to the type of community That became prominent in 19 th c. Distinctive people born into a Unique community w/commonLanguage, customs, culture, values,And historical experiencesNation must be focus of politicalLoyaltySought to deepen appreciation for Historical experiences of the nationGermany held great political nationalism Advocates of nationalism demandedLoyalty and solidarity from membersPeople that lived in lands of foreign Rule or who were the minorities oftenSought their own independenceThis could often led to conflict betweenThe ruled and rulers17.Nationalism

Nations and Nationalism Nationalism and Anti-Semitism Zionism Zionism: the idea that the Jewish People have their right to their own National homeland Jews were throughout Europe and often The minoritiesMany nationalist distrusted Jews andBrought Anti-SemitismEspecially visible in Eastern Europe (Austria-Hungary & Germany)Theodor Herzl, Journalist, realized anti-Semitism was a persistent feature of Human society and assimilation couldNot be solved Founded the World Zionist OrganizationWhich sought to find a home for theJewish communityLocation “ancient kingdom of Israel” Today known as PalestineProvoked resentful nationalism from Displaced Arabs19.Nationalism and Anti-Semitism 20.Zionism25.Effects of Nationalism

The Emergence of National Communities Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) Nationalist Rebellions After the Great P owers (Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia) deposed Napoleon a Meeting was held to return power backInto the hands of the old prerevolutionary Order.Countries did not want one to dominateThe otherThis meeting, and return to old way,Proved futile and did not last long (100 years), The idea of Popular sovereignty had beenEmbedded into the citizens of nations 1820s-1840s a wave of national rebellionOccurred throughout Europe. Greeks sought and gained independenceFrom Ottoman TurksRebellions in France, Spain, and PortugalCalled for constitutional gov’t based on Popular sovereigntyBelgium, Italy and Poland called for the Formation of national states 21.Congress of Vienna22.Nationalist Rebellions

The Unification of Italy and Germany Cavour and Garibaldi Otto von Bismark Prime minister of King Vittore Emmanuele II of Peidemont and Sardinia united with nationalAdvocates of independenceCavour expelled Austrian authoritiesFrom N. ItalySoldier Garibaldi dealt with forcesIn Southern ItalyEventually unifying all of Italy into onestate Prime MinisterDrew German sentiment againstDenmark, Austria and France in 3Victorious war.sDrew up German pride.Prussian King Wilhem I announceThe establishment of the Second Reich-Second German empire-following theHoly Roman Empire Unifications and nationalism hadEnormous potential National states created flags, anthems,Holidays, created schools, nat’l populations,Recruitments to foster patriotism and Patriotic values23.Unification of Italy 24.Unification of Germany