Investigation of the relationships between towel laundering practices, towel bacteria count and
Presentations text content in Investigation of the relationships between towel laundering practices, towel bacteria count and
Slide1
Investigation of the
relationships between towel laundering practices, towel bacteria count and
intramammary infection in late lactation dairy cows
Collaborators
: Sandra Godden
1
, Erin Royster1, Jenny Timmerman1, and Matt Boyle2 1University of Minnesota, 2Zoetis
Sam Rowe, BVSc MVM DABVP
College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Minnesota
Slide2Acknowledgements
ZoetisDr Matt BoyleQuality Milk Specialist teamU. MinnesotaDr
Sandra GoddenDr Erin RoysterJenny Timmerman
Fieldwork team at UMNBobwealth, Nicole, Alexia, Josh, Thomas, Kal, Tori, Katelyn, Zhen
Slide3INFECTED
UNINFECTED
Towel bacteria count and udder health
ENVIRONMENT
Slide4Objectives
Describe association between towel bacteria count and IMI prevalenceTotal bacteria countPathogen groupsEstablish targets for towel bacteria countDescribe associations between laundering practices and towel bacteria count
Slide5Methods
Cross-sectional study80 herds in 10 statesSelected for bedding typeNew sand (n=20)Reclaimed sand (n=21)Manure solids (n=20)
Other organic (n=19)
Slide6Samples collected
Quarter-milk samples N = 5528Prep towels from 68 herds2 laundered towels collected from the parlor (pooled)
Questionnaire of laundering practices
Slide7Laboratory methods: Quarter milk samples
CNA
MAC
Slide8Laboratory methods: Towel bacterial count
CFU per square inch
All isolates
Coliforms
Environmental
Streptococcus sp.
Staphylococcus sp.
Bacillus
Non-coliform gram negatives
Slide9Statistical methods
Mixed effects logistic regression
Explanatory variable = towel bacteria count
All pathogens
Staph,
Streps
Outcome variable = odds of IMI
All pathogensStaph, StrepsControlled for clustering of quarters within cows and cows within
herdsOther important covariates offered to models Eg. Parity, breed, bedding material, region
Slide10RESULTS
Slide11All bacteria
StrepsStaphs
Coliforms
Bacillus
Towel bacteria count
Mean = 2.6
SD = 0.86Log10 CFU / square inch
Slide12All bacteria
StrepsStaphs
Coliforms
Bacillus
Towel bacteria count
Mean = 2.6
SD = 0.8610100100010,000
CFU / square inch
Slide13OR = 1.06
p = 0.57Towel bacteria count as predictor of IMI prevalence
Slide14OR = 1.57
p < 0.001Towel Staph count as a predictor of non-aureus staph IMI risk
Slide15OR = 1.49
p < 0.001Towel Strep count as a predictor of Strep IMI risk
Slide16INFECTED
UNINFECTED
Towels may be a fomite for Staph and
Streps
ENVIRONMENT
Slide17Towel Bacteria Count targets
< 5 CFU /
sq
inch
Staphylococcus sp
.
50% of herdsStreptococcus sp. 53% of herdsColiforms88% of herds
Slide18Association between towel laundering practices and bacteria count
Factors investigated
Use of sanitizer (
eg
. bleach)
Use of drier
Hot water during washingProfessional laundry service vs laundered onsiteFront vs Top loading washing machinesCommercial vs Home washing machines and driersPacking density in washing machine
Age of towelsAge of washing machine and drierTime from laundering to sampling
Slide19Association between towel laundering practices and bacteria count
Factors investigated
Use of sanitizer (
eg
. bleach)
Use of drier
Hot water during washingProfessional laundry service vs laundered onsiteFront vs Top loading washing machinesCommercial vs Home washing machines and driersPacking density in washing machine
Age of towelsAge of washing machine and drierTime from laundering to sampling
Un-dried towels were 8.2 times more likely to have coliform counts ≥ 5 CFU (p = 0.003)
Slide20Why were other factors not associated with bacteria count?
Small sample size (n = 68 herds)
Overlapping effects of different factors
Fox (1997)
Experimental study
Towels should be laundered with
at least one of the followingHot waterBleach (sanitizer)Hot air drier
Slide21Conclusions and significance
TBC is not a useful predictor of IMI prevalence
Towels may function as fomites for Strep and Staph IMI
Towel culture targets
< 5 CFU for Staph, Strep and Coliforms
Slide22Conclusions and significance
Hot-air drying reduces coliform count in towelsOther ‘best practice’ laundering practices were not significantly associated with staph and strep counts. Likely due to limitations in study designIn addition to hot air drying, we recommend using commercial grade, front loading washing machines with hot water and sanitizer added to detergent.
Slide23Questions
Slide24Other pathways
UNINFECTED
ENVIRONMENT
Slide25Other pathways
INFECTED
UNINFECTED
Investigation of the relationships between towel laundering practices, towel bacteria count and
Download Presentation - The PPT/PDF document "Investigation of the relationships betw..." is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.