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Residential School  Legacy Residential School  Legacy

Residential School Legacy - PowerPoint Presentation

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Residential School Legacy - PPT Presentation

Green text is important WEEED Where Were They Residential Schools were located all across Canada In total there were 130 schools located across Canada The White Mans Burden The first residential school was set up in the 1890 ID: 366245

residential school children schools school residential schools children survivors indian canada act abuse chores government families disorder students time girls returned boys

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Slide1

Residential School Legacy

Green text is important!

WEEEDSlide2

Where Were They?

Residential Schools were located all across Canada.

In total there were 130 schools located across Canada.Slide3

“The White Man’s Burden.

The first residential school was set up in the 1890

s by the missionaries.

They wanted to Christianize and educate the natives, and get them to read the bible.

The government helped support the residential school system as far back as 1874.

In 1856, the first Indian Act was enacted which gave the Federal government the authority to the Minister of the Department of Indian Affairs to control Indian Education.Slide4

Indian Act 1867

Policy of assimilation:

make them as

white

as possible

Created

residential schools

Were allowed to vote ONLY IF they gave up their aboriginal status

aggressive civilization

”Slide5

The Schools

The schools were located in almost every province in Canada. Except for PEI, New Brunswick and Newfoundland.There were 130 of them.

The Government Of Canada took over the residential schools officially on April 1, 1941, with the help of the churches.

Most schools closed by the mid 1970

s.

The last school closed in 1996.Slide6

The strategy: Reprogram the children

They are in general very lazy, even more so than the Negroes, who have a great heat as their excuse; but the Indians living in the most healthy climate in the world, in a bracing air, have only neglected their mental as well as their bodily powers, and a good discipline is wanted to change them in a lapse of time to really useful working people.

(Mme. Capelle, Superintendent of an all-girls' school, 1877, quoted in Barman, Hebra, & McCaskill, 1986 p. 78

)

Slide7

Establishing Mind Control

You are evil, sinful

Your soul needs the Church

s salvation

You must obey without question, your own reasoning is faulty and cannot be trustedSlide8

Attending The Schools

The Indian Act stated it was mandatory for status Indians to attend residential school.Children as young as 6 would be removed from their families to attend school.

They would have to stay there for 10 months every year.

In some cases, the children did not get to go home for the summer and had to stay at the school for the whole school year.Slide9

Residential school lifeSlide10

They Could Not…

Speaking their own languages was forbidden.

They could not practice any of their cultural activities.

They could not speak to other family members.

If they did any of these things they would get physically punished.Slide11

When They Arrived…

The students were only given one set of school clothes and one set of work clothes.The students were assigned daily chores.

They were forced to get their hair cut very short, even for girls.

The children got their names changed and they had to go by the names the staff gave them.Slide12

"At the mission, the truck backed-up and off we went. Right away, boys were separated from girls. We were lined up, sat on chairs, and had our long, beautiful braided hair chopped off. We were thrown into the shower, then had DDT sprinkled all over. It stunk. They gave me a number 79. My name was gone. I was only a number now. We all had the same little bundle of clothing, pinafores, back clothes, socks. You couldn't tell one kid from the other; they transformed individuals into a group. I don't understand how my Shuswap language was turned into English in just one day.

(Elder, Agnes Snow, 1999)Slide13

What Is The Indian Act?

The Indian Act of Canada is an act that establishes the rights of registered First Nations and of their bands.The act is administrated from the Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development.Slide14

Chronology from Assembly of First Nations Webpage:

1857

- Gradual Civilization Act passed to

assimilate

Indians.

1870-1910

- Period of

assimilation

where the

clear objective of both missionaries and government was to

assimilate

Aboriginal children into the lower fringes of mainstream society

1920

- Compulsory attendance for all children

ages 7-15 years. Children were forcibly taken from their families by priests, Indian agents and police officers.

1931

- There were 80 residential schools operating in Canada.

1948

– There were 72 residential schools with

9,368 students.

1979

– There were 12 residential schools with

1,899 students.

1980

s

- Residential School students began disclosing sexual and other forms of abuse at residential schools.

1996

- The last federally run residential school, the Gordon Residential School, closes in Saskatchewan.Slide15

A Typical Day At Residential School

5:30 A.M: The boys got up to do morning chores such as milking cows, feeding animals.6:00A.M: Everyone else got up and washed.

Breakfast: A hard porridge, made the night before with a piece of bread and milk.

Morning cleaning chores

Classes: 1 hour Religious studies, 2 hours academic studies.

Lunch: mused potatoes, carrots, turnips, cabbage and meat chunks.

Chores and work time

(cont’d)Slide16

A Typical Day (Continued)

Study hour Supper

Clean up

Recreation time

Prayers

Bed timeSlide17

Milestones in Residential School History

"By 1930 75% of Treaty Indian children between the ages of 7 and 16 were enrolled in residential schools

50% of the children who passed through the residential schools did not survive to adulthood (Census Canada, 1941)

In 1948 children were allowed to spend Christmas with their parents

Slide18

Pelican Lake Day School

Sioux Lookout Ontario

Opened: 1911 Closed: 1973Slide19

Residential Schools

All Of The Beds Were Very Close TogetherSlide20

Classrooms Slide21
Slide22

BEFORE

After

These Images Show A Young Boy Before And After Attending

Residential School.Slide23

The Girls Chores

The Girls Were Expected To SewSlide24

The Boys Chores

The Boys Had To Do Chores Such As FarmingSlide25

Some Children Never Returned Home

Some of the children ran away and never returned.

When there was a virus going around a lot of children caught it because of the poor living conditions.

This is a picture of a girl who never

returned home. She passed away

when cholera struck her school in

1907.Slide26

The Survivors

There are about 9 300 survivors left in CanadaEach year this number decreases as a lot of them are in their late 70

s

A lot of them missed their families and wanted to go home

Some even tried to run away, most were found and returned to school

Some suffered physical abuse and for others mental abuse

Some survivors tell horrid stories such as staff physically and sexually abusing themSlide27

When They Grew Up…

When the survivors grew up and had their own families, many of them did not know how to parent for their own families They were not taught any of this while at school

The school did not show love to the children, and with this some of the survivors do not know how to show love towards their families.

Many of the survivors have problems with drugs, alcohol, anger, depression and loss of culture and language.Slide28

Effects of residential school abuse on survivors

Sample of 127 British Columbia survivor-litigants:

Ninety percent experienced sexual abuse at residential school

3/4 of the respondents reported that they had abused alcohol

Half of the subjects reported that they had a criminal record

Thirty one percent reported that they had assaulted police officers

(

Corrado & Cohen, 2003)Slide29

Effects of residential school abuse on survivors

Only two of the participants did not suffer from at least one diagnosable mental disorder. The most common mental disorders

were:

PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) (64.2%)

Substance Abuse Disorder (26.3%)

Major Depression (21.1%)

Dysthymic Disorder (20%)

Anxiety Disorder (7.4%)

Borderline Personality Disorder (7.4%)

Residential School Syndrome (6.3%)Slide30

Redress

In 2008, The Canadian Government, Assembly of First Nations and the Churches have agreed to sign a “

Agreement in Principal

to financially apologize to the survivors.

The payment the survivors get ($1.9 billion in total) is based on how many years they attended school.

Many survivors are still looking for healing while others do not like to talk about their experiences at residential school.

The payments the survivors get, does not erase the wrong-doing that the federal government and churches did.Slide31

Case Vignette: Daniel Nippi

Abused sexually by two nuns, a priest and an older youth; also suffered physical beatings

Spent the majority of his time from age 16 to 40 in prison for alcohol related offenses, assault and sexual assault

Lost his first family including estrangement from his children

Turned to Native spirituality following the religious teachings of Saulteaux elders, credits this with saving his life